In the evolving discipline of quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP), QSP model (QSPM) applications are expanding. Recently, a QSPM was used by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clinical pharmacologists to evaluate the appropriateness of a proposed dosing regimen for a new biologic. This application expands the use-horizon for QSPMs into the regulatory domain. Here we retrace the evolution...

summary: adult-onset still’s disease (aosd) is a rare systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. it is characterized by high grade fever, skin rash, arthritis, leukocytosis, increased esr, crp and liver enzyme levels and high levels of ferritin. the treatment of aosd includes nsaids, steroids, and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (dmards). recently biologic agents have been used f...

the nutrient elements uptake in many of soils, is a problem because of high ph and plenty of calcium ions in them. some of these elements are phosphorus and microelements. it is possible to increase absorption of these nutrient elements by addition of sulfur in soil and biological oxidation. the rate of this reaction is very slow and thiobacillus bacteria are the most important oxidators of sul...

The landscape of medical practice and health care has been transformed by specialization over the past Century. There has been an extraordinary acceleration in the proliferation of specialty practice, coincident with rapid growth in technological devices and their clinical applications during the past fifty years. Medicine and medical care are evolving rapidly, a process that has similarities t...

Modeling a dynamics of complex biologic disease such as cancer still present dealing. So, we try in our case to study it by considering the system normal cells, tumor cells and immune response mathematical variables structured fractional-order derivatives equations which express cancer's evolution under immunity body. We will analyze stability formulated at different equilibrium points. Numeric...

Synopsis: The Moon is the best and most accessible place to explore the origin and evolution of the entire Solar System, including the earliest evolutionary phase of our own planet, Earth, a period of time that has since been erased from the surface of the Earth. The Apollo program taught us that the dominant geologic process affecting the surfaces of planets is impact cratering. It has the cap...

How defense genes originated with the evolution of their specific pathogen-responsive traits remains an important problem. It is generally known that a form of duplication can generate new genes, suggesting that a new gene usually evolves from an ancestral gene. However, we show that a new defense gene in plants may evolve by de novo origination, resulting in sophisticated disease-resistant fun...