We find ourselves agreeing with much of what Kruse says in his reply to “Why Likelihood?”, and we appreciate his clarification on other points. Boik, on the other hand, believes there is a satisfactory Bayesian solution to the problem of model selection. He also believes that the Akaike solution is flawed. We discuss these two points in sections 2 and 3. In addition, we disagree with Boik about...

The National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP) believes that the relief of pain and suffering of patients must be a priority for every emergency medical services (EMS) system. Adequate analgesia is an important step in achieving this goal. NAEMSP believes that every EMS system should have a clinical care protocol to address prehospital pain management. Adequate training and education of pr...

Awareness is of central interest not only to cognitive scientists but also to computer scientists who are developing models of intelligent, adaptive systems. Self-awareness is a significant aspect of awareness, given that some, at least, of the agents in such systems are capable of representing and reasoning about both the cognitive processes of other agents and also their own. Any comprehensiv...

In this paper I wish to draw attention to a feature of judgments expressible using indexical terms such as I, here and now and the significance this feature has for discussions of Immunity to Error through Misidentification (IEM). The feature in question is this: consider a subject who sincerely expresses a belief using an utterance of the form 'λ is F', where 'λ' is an indexical term. Suppose ...

Since the current protocol provides no way to correct this condition, the NCP’s at the two ends stay "confused" forever. A frequent and frustrating symptom of this effect is the "lost allocate" phenomenon, where the receiving NCP believes that it has bit and message allocations outstanding, while the sending NCP believes that it does not have any allocation. As a result, information flow over t...

Rationality requires various things of you. For example, it requires you not to have contradictory beliefs, and to intend what you believe is a necessary means to an end that you intend. Suppose rationality requires you to F. Does this fact constitute a reason for you to F? Does it even follow from this fact that you have a reason to F? I examine these questions and reach a sceptical conclusion...

Suppose a sentence of the following form is true in a certain context: ‘Necessarily, whenever one believes that the F is uniquely F if anything is, and x is the F, one believes that x is uniquely F if anything is’. I argue that almost always, in such a case, the sentences that result when both occurrences of ‘believes’ are replaced with ‘has justification to believe’, ‘knows’, or ‘knows a prior...