the increase of incomes in irans endowents (waqfs) could have an outstanding role in providing a part of public services needed in the society and betterment of income distribution and as a result endowers and benefactors would play a part in meeting greater portion of these services. materializing this objective requires an all-out development of endowment (waqt) services as wall as better ope...

A public good, as defined by economic theory, is a good that, once produced, can be consumed by an additional consumer at no additional cost. A second characteristic is sometimes added, specifying that consumers cannot be excluded from consuming the public good once it is produced. Goods with these characteristics will be underproduced in the private sector, or may not be produced at all, follo...

That well-being is decreasing in others' income is termed the "relative income hypothesis" (RIH) by scholars of subjective well-being (SWB) and has substantial empirical support. Some studies, however, present evidence of both positive and negative explanatory channels in the relationship between others' income and SWB. We develop a theoretical framework integrating four distinct channels throu...

This paper deals with the concept of a semi-public good. These semi-public goods are characterized by the fact that their use is being supplemented by specific private goods. The consumption of this complementary private good is constrained by an individual quantity constraint for each individual agent. The quantity constraints depend on the level of the semi-public good. For instance, car driv...

the electronics industry is one of fastest growing manufacturing industries in india. however, the increase in the sales of electronic goods and their rapid obsolescence has resulted in the large-scale generation of electronic waste, popularly known as e-waste. e-waste has become a matter of concern due to the presence of toxic and hazardous substances present in electronic goods which, if not ...

The electronics industry is one of fastest growing manufacturing industries in India. However, the increase in the sales of electronic goods and their rapid obsolescence has resulted in the large-scale generation of electronic waste, popularly known as e-waste. E-waste has become a matter of concern due to the presence of toxic and hazardous substances present in electronic goods which, if not ...

Theoretical and experimental research underscores the role of punishment in the evolution of cooperation between humans. Experiments using the public goods game have repeatedly shown that in cooperative social environments, punishment makes cooperation flourish, and that withholding punishment makes cooperation collapse. In less cooperative social environments, where antisocial punishment has b...