JCB • VOLUME 214 • NUMBER 3 • 2016 234 At the age of seven, Frederic Bard’s father taught him about the atomic composition of water molecules. Bard was fl abbergasted to learn that water is not simply “made of water.” He became fascinated by the idea that deeper truths about the world were waiting to be discovered, and in middle school he fell in love with biology. Noticing his interest in clas...

Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key transcriptional regulator for antioxidant and anti-inflammation enzymes that binds to its endogenous inhibitor protein, Kelch-like ECH (erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology)-associated protein 1, in the cytoplasm under normal conditions. Various endogenous or environmental oxidative stresses, such as ionizing radiation (IR)...