The venous anomalies of thorax are common, but the only drainage 1st and 2nd posterior intercostal veins on both sides into internal vertebral plexus with no communication to azygos system is reported for first time. common hemiazygos vein singular receiving all left from 4th 11th subcostal side. This drains right. It also connects cranial end via an anomalous Left SVC. receives 3rd vein. On ri...

The superior vena cava is usually located only on the right side, but persistence of left cavais observed in about 0.3 to 0.5 % adults. A routine dissection cadaver a 91-year-old Japanese female, whose cause death was sepsis due cholecystitis, performed at Nagasaki University and revealed double-sided cava. On opened atrium, while left, it into extended coronary sinus. Veins head, neck upper li...

The veins of the azygos system vary greatly in mode of origin, course, numbers of tributaries and anastomoses, and nature of termination. The azygos vein system can take different courses. Such variation is important in mediastinal surgery, and knowledge of congenital variations can be of clinical importance. It is imperative for reporting radiologists to identify such anomalies.

1.1 Anatomy The superior vena cava (SVC) originates in the chest, behind the first right sternocostal articulation, from the confluence of two main collector vessels: the right and left brachiocephalic veins which receive the ipsilateral internal jugular and subclavian veins. It is located in the anterior mediastinum, on the right side. The internal jugular vein collects the blood from head and...

BACKGROUND The thoracoscopic approach to repair esophageal atresia (EA) with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) provides excellent view, allowing the most skillful surgeons to spare the azygos vein by performing the esophageal anastomosis over (on the right side) the azygos vein. Seeking the most anatomic repair, we started to perform the esophageal anastomosis underneath (on the left side) the az...

Figure 1: Postoperative lateral chest X-ray showing the excellent alignment following short fixation, a chest tube to drain a pleural effusion, the cement leakage (arrow) and the vertebral reinforcement material (asterisk). The mechanism of the embolism was probably a vascular entry of cement during high pressure inflation to get the compressed vertebral separated. Figure 2: CT image: we can ob...

To the Editor: We read with great interest the article by Tripathi and colleagues that reported the anomalous connection of the right superior vena cava (RSVC) to the left atrium (LA) and the left superior vena cava (LSVC) draining into the right atrium via the coronary sinus in a patient with sick sinus syndrome. It is an extremely rare anomaly. The authors diagnosed the patient as having an “...

BACKGROUND There is no established noninvasive or invasive diagnostic imaging modality at present that can serve as a 'gold standard' or "benchmark" for the detection of the venous anomalies, indicative of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI). We investigated the sensitivity and specificity of 2 invasive vs. 2 noninvasive imaging techniques for the detection of extracranial venous...