background: it has been reported that liver function alterations occur in 8–38% of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (rrms) treated with interferon-beta in controlled clinical trials or in prospective but non-controlled studies. we report herein a case of symptomatic liver dysfunction associated with two-year-period of regular interferon-beta-1a (avonex®) intramuscular inject...

Longitudinal ordinal data are common in many scientific studies, including those of multiple sclerosis (MS), and are frequently modeled using Markov dependency. Several authors have proposed random-effects Markov models to account for heterogeneity in the population. In this paper, we go one step further and study prediction based on random-effects Markov models. In particular, we show how to c...

Methods: In this quasi experimental and interventional study a sample of 20 MS patients (mean age: 36.75 years) with Expanded Disability Status Scale scores (EDSS) 1.0 to 4.0 were randomly assigned to a ‘pharmacologic treatment’ (Ph) group and a combination group of ‘pharmacologic treatment& treadmill training’ (PhTT). All these individuals used the drugs of choice ‘Rebif’ and ‘Avonex’. The int...

With the introduction of interferon- β 1b in 1993 as the first FDA-approved treatment for multiple sclerosis, the era of treatment of this incurable disease began, and its natural course was permanently changed. Currently, seven different treatments for patients with multiple sclerosis with different mechanisms of action and dissimilar side effect profiles exist. These medications include inter...

Inspector Gregory: " Is there any point to which you would wish to draw my attention? " Holmes: " To the curious incident of the dog in the night-time. " Inspector: " The dog did nothing in the night-time. " Holmes: " That was the curious incident. " Conan Doyle's The Silver Blaze There was a time when a neurologist could choose, rightly or wrongly, to downplay the signifi cance of the fi rst s...