giant left atria are defined as those measuring larger than 8 cm and are typically found in patients who have rheumatic mitral valve disease with severe regurgitation. enlargement of the left atrium may create compression of the surrounding structures such as the esophagus, pulmonary veins, respiratory tract, lung, inferior vena cava, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and thoracic vertebrae and lead t...

Left atrium enlargement is a pathophysiological response to volume and pressure overload associated with a wide range of cardiovascular disorders leading to left ventricle systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Physiological factors contribute to significant differences in left atrium size in normal individuals. Moreover, left atrium enlargement was shown to have a significant prognostic value for...

Cross-sectional echocardiography, combined with injections of contrast into peripheral arm veins, has been used to study 15 patients with atrial septal defects and 10 patients with an intact interatrial septum. Of 11 patients with ostium secundum or sinus venosus atrial septal defects and left-to-right shunts a defect could be visualised in all, and in eight some degree of transfer of contrast ...

BACKGROUND The inward rectifier K+ current (IK1) plays an important role in governing cardiac electrical activity and is well known to have different properties in the atrium compared with the ventricle. Several inward rectifier K+ channel (IRK) subunits (hIRK, HH-IRK1, HIR, and TWIK-1) with different properties have been cloned from human tissues, but their relative expression in cardiac tissu...

Segmentation of the left atrium is vital for pre-operative assessment of its anatomy in radio-frequency catheter ablation surgery, which is commonly used for treating atrial fibrillation. In this paper we present an automatic approach for segmenting the left atrium and its pulmonary veins from MR angiography (MRA) data sets. Based on the notion that in MRA the atrium becomes connected to surrou...

Anomalous Pulmonary venous connection is drainage of one or more pulmonary veins outside left atrium. Venous Connection most common on Left side upper vein drains directly into innominate to ultimately drain right Right Partial can be Superior Vena Cava, Atrium, Innominate rarely Inferior Cava.

According to the energy crisis in the world, optimization of energy consumption is indispensable. Technological advances in constructions and application of renewable energy resources demand saving energy. Atrium, as one of the construction elements, catches sufficient daylight and acts as a passive solar element and results in a decline of energy consumption. This research seeks to evalu...

and hemodyhamic features of five cases of surgically proved complete absence of the atrial septum are presented. Technical details of the method of correcting this malformation are described. At foUow up, all are alive and well. It is suggested to subdivide this entity into two: single atrium, when complete absence of the atrial septum is found but the atrioventricular valves are normal, and co...

myocardial infarction using Doppler echocardiography provides important prognostic information.1,2 Evaluating left atrium volume is a good way to estimate prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction as it indicates time and severity of diastolic dysfunction and longer term results of acute myocardial infarction.3,4 The present study evaluated the effect of left atrium volume on patie...