Satellite estimates and weather forecast models have made it possible to observe and predict precipitation over large spatial scales. Despite substantial progress in observing patterns of precipitation, characterization of spatial patterns is still a challenge. Quantitative assessment methods for spatial patterns are essential for future developments in prediction of the spatial extent and patt...

Serial assessments of neurocognitive functioning in athletes with concussion are commonly used for return to play decisions. This study provides reliable change indices (RCIs) for computerized tests from 40 NCAA Division I collegiate athletes that suffered a sports-related concussion. The normative data that resulted from the RCIs and subsequent analyses of differences between improved and not ...

The shortwave infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, covering wavelengths from 1400 to 2500 nm, can include significant emitted radiance from fire. There have been relatively few evaluations of the utility of shortwave infrared remote sensing data, and in particular hyperspectral remote sensing data, for fire detection. We used an Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS...

Vegetation indices play an important role in monitoring variations in vegetation.The Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) proposed by the MODIS Land Discipline Groupand the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are both global-based vegetationindices aimed at providing consistent spatial and temporal information regarding globalvegetation. However, many environmental factors such as atmosphe...

View angle effects present in vegetation indices are either being seen as unwanted information or as an additional source of information. However, the magnitude of these angular effects remains for most indices unknown. We use the ESA-mission CHRISPROBA (Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer–Project for On-board Autonomy) providing spaceborne imaging spectrometer and multidirectional dat...

C u r r e n t vegetation indices are normally computed with directional spectral reflectances and are subjected to many external perturbations such as soil background variations, atmospheric conditions, geometric registration, and especially sensor viewing geometry. Subsequent use of these indices to estimate vegetation amounts would result in substantial uncertainties. To reduce the uncertaint...

Air quality affects human health, traffic safety and human life quality. The status of air quality can be indicated by the urban atmospheric visibility. The atmospheric visibility is traditionally the human-eye observed maximum distance at which outline of the selected target can be recognized. To replace the traditional measurement for the atmospheric visibility, digital image analysis techniq...

Neural network models are used to reveal the nonlinear winter atmospheric teleconnection patterns associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and with the Arctic Oscillation (AO) over the N. Hemisphere. The nonlinear teleconnections (for surface air temperature, precipitation, sea level pressure and 500 hPa geopotential height) are found to relate quadratically to the ENSO and AO in...