We report a patient with stiff-person syndrome and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody, who suddenly complained of diplopia due to dysthyroid ophthalmopathy. Therapeutic efficacy of plasmapheresis and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin was transient. After starting administration of rituximab, the patient showed obvious improvement of muscl...

Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy, or thyroid eye disease (TED), is a complex inflammatory disorder of the eye that, as its name implies, is usually associated with thyroid disease. Clinical observation supports the existence of three main TED subtypes, namely ocular myopathy, congestive myopathy, and mixed congestive and myopathic ophthalmopathy. Although the precise pathophysiology of TED rem...

Background. To investigate the influence of previous exposure to elevated thyroid hormones in euthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy. Design. Retrospective, observational case series in university setting Median follow-up of 1 year with ranges of 0,8-7,6 years. Study performance of 10 years. Participants. We reviewed the clinical records of 731 Graves' ophthalmopathy patients. There were 88 (12%) pat...

Aim: The risk factors and epidemiological data for Graves’ ophthalmopathy with and without abnormal circulating thyroid levels were examined to determine the relation of thyroid dysfunction to ophthalmopathy. Methods: The authors retrospectively evaluated 482 patients seen with Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Of these, 413 were classified as having abnormal levels of circulating thyroid hormone (ALTH) ...

PURPOSE To characterize the relationship between inflammation and swelling of extraocular muscles in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy before and after methylprednisolone pulse therapy. METHODS The signal intensities and volumes of the superior rectus (SR), inferior rectus (IR), lateral rectus (LR), medial rectus (MR), and superior oblique (SO) muscles were measured with magnetic resonance im...