The new Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) [1] has many simplifications and new features compared to the older Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) [2]. The new header is very simple. A fixed format is assigned to all headers. Some new fields were added to the header. Flow ID indicates that the packet belongs to a certain flow. A flow is identified by the source address, destination address, and ...

This essay, based on my 2012 MSOM Fellow Lecture, discusses an idea that has been useful for developing effective methods to set staffing levels in service systems: offered load analysis. The main idea is to tackle a hard problem by first seeking an insightful simplification. For capacity planning to meet uncertain exogenous demand, offered load analysis looks at the amount of capacity that wou...

Economic analyses may be used to describe the costs of health care programs and to ensure that value is obtained for the money spent. This issue of Diabetes Care includes three economic analyses. The first describes the incremental costs of diabetes over a lifetime and highlights how interventions to prevent diabetes may reduce lifetime costs (1). The second demonstrates that although an expens...

BACKGROUND Studies of severely injured patients suggest that advanced pre-hospital care and/or rapid transportation provides a survival benefit. This benefit depends on the disposition of resources to patients with the greatest need. Norway has 19 Emergency Helicopters (HEMS) staffed by anaesthesiologists on duty 24/7/365. National regulations describe indications for their use, and the use of ...