During the period between 1860 and 1940, Downtown Cairo witnessed a major building boom that gave birth to a unique architecture combining European styles with local influences and materials. The architectural product of that era will never be equalled and we need to increase the public awareness to these historic buildings that may be less than a hundred years old. The purpose of this project ...

Three-dimensional (3D) integration is an emerging technology that vertically stacks and interconnects multiple materials, technologies and functional components to form highly integrated micro/nano-systems. This paper reviews the materials and technologies for three wafer bonding approaches to 3D integration using adhesive, metal, and metal/adhesive as the bonding interfaces. Similarities and d...

the political and social system involved in the limbo between tradition and modernity of the qajar era caused widespread and quick developments in iranian culture, art, and architecture as well as a challenge between tradition and modernity. relatively numerous palaces built in this era were signs of greatness and distinction-seeking of the qajar kings and aristocrats, who embraced all transfor...

The Cantonese sentences in (2) illustrate these claims. They denote past events and there are no markers attached to the verb (subclaim (1a)). Subclaim (1b) is illustrated by the minimal pair in (2b) and (2c): the latter describes a current situation and the former, with the temporal adverb ML FLQ ‘formerly’, describes a past event. (The superscripts in the Cantonese renderings are tone markers.)

Typical approaches to design patterns present them in the catalog form. For undergraduate students this abstract description of the pattern makes it even more difficult to understand its purpose and need. In this paper we describe a tool used at a university course to enable the students to learn architectural patterns by looking at code. The tool presented in this paper shows the solution to a...

In the development of groupware systems a well designed communications infrastructure is required, due to the high complexity of the communication scenario. Also, the design and implementation of coordination and collaboration mechanisms depends on the communications infrastructure. Actually there are no well known guidelines to design this infrastructure. Therefore, this paper proposes an arch...

TRADITIONALLY, SOFTWARE architects were entrusted with making “decisions that are costly to change.”1 Because these decisions often had to be made early in the project, architects drew on their experience and ability to abstract to get them right. Repeated project cost and timeline overruns have demonstrated, though, that trying to plan all features and decide the system structure early in a pr...

In this paper we introduce a content-oriented scheme for protocol studies of designers and demonstrate its benefit for CAAD research. The structure of the coding scheme is described. We discuss how this method can benefit CAAD research and its differences from the process-oriented method used previously. With this method we analyze data to describe the design process as the combination of senso...