Despite the large relative mass difference between different Ca isotopes, the isotopic variability of Ca in natural materials is relatively small. Consequently, high-precision Ca isotope analyses are required to accurately resolve Ca isotope fractionation prior to data interpretation. This chapter summarises techniques which are successfully used to digest samples and to purify different types ...

Selective Repeat ARQ protocol has been widely used in communication network for reliable data transfer. However the performance of SR ARQ protocol was not well studied. There is some approximate performance analysis for SR ARQ. But under many cases, such as the large bandwidth-delay case, the approximation shows a large inaccuracy. In this paper we study the characteristics of SR ARQ first, the...

In recent years, it has become evident that it is necessary to systematically and accurately define particle characteristics in order to understand the potential toxicity of nanoparticles to biological systems. The properties that need to be emphasized are size, shape, dispersion, doping, aggregation, functionalization, physical and chemical properties, surface area, and surface chemistry. Rout...