نتایج جستجو برای: approaches to combat corruption
تعداد نتایج: 10656281 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
We analyze corruption in law enforcement: the payment of bribes to enforcement agents, threats to frame innocent individuals in order to extort money from them, and the actual framing of innocent individuals. Bribery, extortion, and framing reduce deterrence and are thus worth discouraging. Optimal penalties for bribery and framing are maximal, but, surprisingly, extortion should not be sanctio...
Many researchers have revealed that corruption is associated with adverse effects on the sustainable development of country. However, rapid increase in measures to combat globally portrays a picture losses due corruption. Corruption, especially developing countries, mainly manifests public procurement sectors large amount money involved. The emergence covid-19 has also amplified cases medical s...
We analyze corruption in law enforcement: the payment of bribes to enforcement agents, threats to frame innocent individuals in order to extort money from them, and the actual framing of innocent individuals. Bribery, extortion, and framing reduce deterrence and are thus worth discouraging. Optimal penalties for bribery and framing are maximal, but, surprisingly, extortion should not be sanctio...
Biofilms are aggregates formed as a protective survival state by microorganisms to adapt the environment and can be resistant antimicrobial agents host immune responses due chemical or physical diffusion barriers, modified nutrient environments, suppression of growth rate within biofilms, genetic adaptation cells biofilms. With widespread use medical devices, device-associated biofilms continue...
Almost every major war in the last century involving western nations has seen combatants diagnosed with a form of post-combat disorder. Some took a psychological form (exhaustion, combat fatigue, combat stress reaction and post-traumatic stress disorder), while others were characterized by medically unexplained symptoms (soldier's heart, effort syndrome, shell shock, non-ulcer dyspepsia, effect...
In nature, bacteria predominantly reside in structured, surface-attached communities embedded in a self-produced, extracellular matrix. These so-called biofilms play an important role in the development and pathogenesis of many infections, as they are difficult to eradicate due to their resistance to antimicrobials and host defense mechanisms. This review focusses on the biofilm-forming periodo...
Background Corruption is widespread in Nigeria’s health sector but the reasons why it exists and persists are poorly understood and it is often seen as intractable. We describe a consensus building exercise in which we asked health workers and policy-makers to identify and prioritise feasible responses to corruption in the Nigerian ...
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