For the impulsive ankle push-off (APO) observed in human walking two muscle-tendon-units (MTUs) spanning joint play an important role: Gastrocnemius (GAS) and Soleus (SOL). GAS SOL load Achilles tendon to store elastic energy during stance followed by a rapid release APO. We use neuromuscular simulation (NMS) bipedal robot investigate role of on optimize for robust gait then sequentially replac...

Previous results have demonstrated that liver membranes possess two distinct lipoprotein receptors: a low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor that binds lipoproteins containing either apolipoprotein (apo-) B or apo-E, and an apo-E-specific receptor that binds apo-E-containing lipoproteins, but not the apo-B-containing LDL. This study reports the isolation and purification of apo-B,E(LDL) and apo...

The influence of different fibrates on apolipoprotein metabolism was investigated. Administration of fenofibrate provoked a dose-dependent decrease in plasma cholesterol concentration that was already evident after 1 day. Intestinal apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and apo A-IV mRNA levels remained fairly constant. In contrast, liver apo A-I, apo A-II, and apo A-IV mRNA levels decreased in a dose-depen...

All classes of lipoproteins considered to be atherogenic contain apo-B100 or apo-B48. However, there is a distinct paucity of data regarding whether lipoproteins containing apo-B48 or apo-B100 differ in their intrinsic ability to promote the development of atherosclerosis. To address this issue, we compared the extent of atherosclerosis in three groups of animals: apo-E-deficient mice (apo-B+/+...

Nonphysiological truncations of apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 cause familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL) in humans and mice. An elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the FHBL phenotypes may provide valuable information on the metabolism of apo B-containing lipoproteins and the structure-function relationship of apo B. To generate a faithful mouse model of human FHBL, a subtle mutation was in...

Treatment of male rats with hydrocortisone provoked a dose- and time-dependent decrease in plasma cholesterol concentration without a change in plasma triglyceride levels. In contrast, administration of triamcinolone and dexamethasone at equipotent glucocorticoid doses increased plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, respectively. Small effects on apolipoprotein E (apo E) and apo B mRNA le...

In this report, we demonstrate that organ cultures of human fetal liver and intestine synthesize and secrete into the culture medium the major apolipoproteins. The liver cultures were shown to produce apo-A-I, apo-A11, apo-B, apo-C-11, apo-C-IIIs, and apo-E, and the cultures of intestine produced primarily apo-A-I. The synthesized apolipoproteins secreted into the culture medium were identified...

High levels of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) protect against coronary heart disease susceptibility, but the metabolic mechanisms underlying elevated HDL-C levels are poorly understood. We now report the turnover of isologous radioiodinated HDL apolipoproteins, apo A-I and apo A-II, in 15 female subjects on a metabolic diet with HDL-C levels ranging from 51 to 122 mg/dl. The metabolic parameters, frac...

The Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit (WHHL) provides an experimental animal model for the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor defect present in patients homozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Both WHHL rabbits and FH patients have a four- to sevenfold increase in plasma levels of apolipoprotein E (apo E). To determine the etiology for the elevated apo E concentrations, ki...

Results of a multicenter evaluation of automated assays for measurement of apolipoproteins (apo) A-I and B with the Paramax analytical system are reported. Apo A-I and apo B response surface models were used to optimize concentrations of critical assay variables. Overall imprecision for apo A-I controls at concentrations of 1.01-1.61 g/L was 3.7-6.6%; overall imprecision for apo B controls at 1...