Mandibular second premolars and maxillary central incisors usually have one root, one canal, and one apical foramen. However, some studies have revealed anatomic variations in these teeth. The aim of the present study was to investigate such variations in canal configuration, foramina, lateral and accessory canals and apical deltas in the root apex of human maxillary central incisors and mandib...

introduction: position of the mental foramen is important both when administering regional anesthesia and performing surgery in the mandible. because of this anatomical structure's importance on one band, and the variations seen in its position in different ethnic groups, this study was designed to evaluate of the for a men's horizental position in panoramic radiographs of iranian patients take...

INTRODUCTION To determine the morphologic shape and position of the root apex and the major foramen in maxillary and mandibular teeth. METHODS A total of 845 maxillary and mandibular human teeth root specimens were evaluated. Each root specimen was measured at each root apex by using a calibrated microscope at a magnification of 20x. The anatomic parameters evaluated included the position of ...

Two electronic apex locators based on the gradient (Apit) and absolute (Odontometer) impedance principles were evaluated. Distances of file tips to apical foramina were determined in vivo with the electronic apex locators and subsequently verified after extraction. Mean differences between file tips and apical foramina were +0.14 +/- 0.27 mm and -0.36 +/- 0.71 mm for the Apit and Odontometer, r...

Background and aims. During root canal preparation, debris extruded beyond the apical foramen may result in periapical inflammation and postoperative pain. To date no root canal preparation method has been developed that extrudes no periapical debris. The purpose of this study was to identify a system leading to minimal extrusion of debris from the apical foramen. The study was conducted to com...

INTRODUCTION This study examined the effect of vapor lock on canal debridement efficacy by testing the null hypothesis that there is no difference between a "closed" and an "open" system design in smear layer and debris removal by using a side-vented needle for irrigant delivery. METHODS Roots in the closed system were sealed with hot glue and embedded in polyvinylsiloxane to restrict fluid f...

locators (EFLs) based on different operation systems Root ZX and Propex II. Ten healthy adult patients needing premolar extractions due to orthodontic reasons participated in the study, providing a sample of 17 noncarious, non-restored, vital teeth (n= 24 canals). After coronal access preparation and cervical preflaring and prior to tooth extraction, the root canal length was measured alternati...

locators (EFLs) based on different operation systems Root ZX and Propex II. Ten healthy adult patients needing premolar extractions due to orthodontic reasons participated in the study, providing a sample of 17 noncarious, non-restored, vital teeth (n= 24 canals). After coronal access preparation and cervical preflaring and prior to tooth extraction, the root canal length was measured alternati...

Light and electron microscopic studies were made on pulpal nerve fibers in mouse lower incisors, typical continuously growing teeth. Serial sections, from the apex of the odontogenic sheath to the incisal edge of the apical foramen, were examined by light microscopy to identify myelinated fibers passing through the apical foramen. The fine structure of the pulpal nerves was examined by electron...