Four insecticides were tested for their suitability to an integrated pest management program of woolly apple aphid (WAA). The tested insecticides were imidacloprid, pirimicarb, cartap and petroleum oil. Three indices were developed to determine the degree of selectivity of studied insecticides and to determine their suitability to WAA IPM program. WAA index used to measure the efficacy of the i...

Many insects harbour facultative symbiotic bacteria, some of which have been shown to provide resistance against natural enemies. One of the best-known protective symbionts is Hamiltonella defensa, which in pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) confers resistance against attack by parasitoid wasps in the genus Aphidius (Braconidae).We asked (i) whether this symbiont also confers protection against a ...

In haplodiploid organisms, unmated or sperm depleted females are "constrained" to produce only male progeny. If such constrained females reproduce, the population sex ratio will shift toward males and unconstrained females will be selected to produce more females. Assuming that a female's own time spent constrained is an index of the population-wide level of constrained oviposition, and that co...

The flower fly species, Eupeodes nuba (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Syrphidae) is crucial for agroecosystems as it provides various ecosystem services such pest control through the use of predatory larvae and crop pollination by adults. In this research, consumption rate different instars Aphis fabae (Scopoli, 1763) E. has been studied under laboratory conditions at 25±2 °C, 60±10% humidity (RH)....