Pavementcells in the leafepidermisstartout assimplepolygonsanddevelop intopuzzleshaped units with interlocking lobes. This complex geometry offers biomechanical advantages; interlocking increases resistance to tension andmaintains the structural integrity of the leaf surface (Malinowski, 2013). Biologists have long since wondered how epidermal cells attain their wavy contours. In 1942, Watson p...

Upper Westphalian coals are usually rich in organic-matter of different plant taxa, including gymnosperms. The assemblage from Kalinovo (Eastern Ukraine) is exceptional in being dominated by Sphenophyllum, both cuticles and conducting tissues. Sphenophyllum cuticles are easily distinguished by their parallel oriented cells with sinuous anticlinal walls, and paracytic stomata on the abaxial cuti...

The efficiency of different types of traps for catching of the Caspian Sea crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus eichwaldi, was investigated from Mar. 2002 to Feb. 2003. Totally 56 traps of four most commonly used types, "Rectangular trap", "Round trap", "Opera house trap" in two colors of "black" and "blue", and "Fathoms plus" only in black...

Preserved fold shapes usually reveal little about their kinematic evolution. Syntectonic strata preserved in growth synclines in contact with a fold, however, can permit ‘‘unfolding’’: a sequential reconstruction of fold growth backward through time from a geometry observed at present to an initial undeformed state. Such reconstructions can define the kinematics of fold growth. Growth strata as...

abstract during growing seasons of years 2006 & 2007, a faunistic survey on syrphidae family(diptera) in agroecosystems of neyshabor region, khorasan-e-razavi province was carried out. in this study, 3 collection methods: yellow water trap, malaise trap and sweeping net were applied. the results showed a large difference between different collection methods. specimens of 14 species collected by...

fruit fly, ceratitis capitata (diptera:tephritidae), worldwide. to determine the best combination of trap and attractant for mass trapping of mediterranean fruit fly, a field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (rcbd) with 6 treatments in 3 replications in a pomegranate orchard in shiraz (iran) in 2009. treatments included: 1-jackson trap baited with trimedlure, 2- mc...