Humans impact natural systems in a multitude of ways, yet the cumulative effect of multiple stressors on ecological communities remains largely unknown. Here we synthesized 171 studies that manipulated two or more stressors in marine and coastal systems and found that cumulative effects in individual studies were additive (26%), synergistic (36%), and antagonistic (38%). The overall interaction...

LBVS of 12480 in-house compounds, followed by HTRF assay, resulted in one nonsteroidal compound (11) with antagonistic activity against FXR (69.01 ± 11.75 μM). On the basis of 11, 26 new derivatives (12a-z) were designed and synthesized accordingly. Five derivatives (12f-g, 12p, 12u, and 12y) showed better antagonistic activities against FXR than compound 11. Remarkably, the most potent derivat...

Segregating hybrids often exhibit phenotypes that are extreme or novel relative to the parental lines. This phenomenon is referred to as transgressive segregation, and it provides a mechanism by which hybridization might contribute to adaptive evolution. Genetic studies indicate that transgressive segregation typically results from recombination between parental taxa that possess quantitative t...

The effects of antimicrobial combinations against ceftazidime-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from hospitalized patients were investigated. Using the checkerboard titration method, combination of fosfomycin-gentamicin, fosfomycin-ceftazidime, fosfomycin-imipenem and ceftazidime-gentamicin was synergistic against 4, 11, 38 and 39% of 22, 18, 29 and 18 strains tested respectivel...

• The antagonistic actions of the neurohumoral transmitters, norepinephrine and acetylcholine, on nodal, conducting and atrial tissue have been well established." Evidence for their direct antagonistic effects on ventricular contractility, however, has been more difficult to obtain.*Using direct intracoronary infusions of sympathomimetic and parasympathomimetic drugs, we have obtained unequivoc...

the objective of this work was to develop bioadhesive topical gel of aceclofenac with the help of response-surface approach. experiments were performed according to a 3-level factorial design to evaluate the effects of two independent variables [amount of poloxamer 407 (pl-407 = x1) and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose k100 m (hpmc = x2)] on the bioadhesive character of gel, rheological property o...

Antagonism, determined by isobolograms constructed from data from combinations of ampicillin and chloramphenicol at or below the minimal inhibitory or bactericidal concentrations, was observed against 13 clinical isolates of meningococcus and against one isolate of pneumococcus. Synergy occurred against six strains of pneumococcus and three of meningococcus. Additive effects were noted against ...