the study, the second-year females’ choice of mate showed no effect of bower treatment, but they did in year 2, when even more decorations were added. An age-biased effect is not restricted to female responses to bower decorations, but also applies to male display intensity. The more intense the male display during the second stage of courtship, the more likely were older females to visit a mal...

success because in this highly competitive business, many males’ bowers are rarely visited by females. The researchers assessed the quality of the bowers in terms of the density and thickness of the sticks used in its construction and also its symmetry. They also checked the decorations on display and grouped them into five categories: artificial and yellow, brown, blue and white natural. The b...

Depictions of rainbows in late antique and early Byzantine art follow the normal sequence spectral colours, only some bows exclude blue violet. Another characteristic feature rainbow is inclusion white non-spectral hue pink. In order to investigate chromatic characteristics, I use as case studies comparatively few extant images third- sixth-century date from Thessaloniki, Constantinople, Rome R...

Anthocyanins are some of the most widely occurring secondary metabolites in plants, responsible for the orange, red, purple, and blue colors of flowers and fruits and red colors of autumn leaves. These pigments accumulate in vacuoles, and their color is influenced by chemical decorations, vacuolar pH, the presence of copigments, and metal ions. Anthocyanins are usually soluble in the vacuole, b...

The equivalence between quasi-unit-cell models and Penrose-tile models on the level of decorations is proved using inflation rules for Gummelt coverings with decorated decagons. Owing to overlaps, Gummelt arrangement of decorated decagons gives rise to nine different (context-dependent) decagon decorations in the covering. The inflation rules for decagons for each of nine types are presented an...

F ore-edge decorations on manuscripts date back to the 10th century. Decorations can be seen when the book is lying on its side, a custom of the 15th and 16th centuries, and should not be confused with fore-edge paintings. Fore-edge paintings are not visible when the book is closed, but when the leaves are slanted or fanned, a beautiful miniature landscape appears. Fore-edge paintings are usual...