In this paper, we first explore the role of inter-annotator agreement statistics in grammatical error correction and conclude that they are less informative in fields where there may be more than one correct answer. We next created a dataset of 50 student essays, each corrected by 10 different annotators for all error types, and investigated how both human and GEC system scores vary when differ...

The semantic relationship between a sentence and its context may be marked explicitly, or left to inference. Rohde et al. (2015) showed that, contrary to common assumptions, this isn’t exclusive or: a conjunction can often be inferred alongside an explicit discourse adverbial. Here we broaden the investigation to a larger set of 20 discourse adverbials by eliciting ≈28K conjunction completions ...

This paper analyzes the impact of several lexical and grammatical features in automated assessment of students’ finegrained understanding of tutored concepts. Truly effective dialog and pedagogy in Intelligent Tutoring Systems is only achievable when systems are able to understand the detailed relationships between a student’s answer and the desired conceptual understanding. We describe a new m...

We introduce improved guidelines for annotation of sentence specificity, addressing the issues encountered in prior work. Our annotation provides judgements of sentences in context. Rather than binary judgements, we introduce a specificity scale which accommodates nuanced judgements. Our augmented annotation procedure also allows us to define where in the discourse context the lack of specifici...

This paper presents a model for interdomain traffic simulation at the flow level. The model explicitly takes into account three network-related variables for the traffic generation process: the arrival process of the layer-4 flows, the traffic volume carried over these flows and the rate at which these flows can send traffic. The variables of the model are first analyzed on a real flow-level in...

the present study aimed at investigating the specific discourse cycles of someintroductory textbooks across disciplines and languages to see to what extent theyacculturate students into the new subjects. to this end, 2 well-established and mostlyused english and persian introductory textbooks in sociology and 2 other wellestablishedenglish and persian introductory textbooks in linguistics were ...

objective: in view of the effect of hard labor on pregnancy outcomes and to determine risk factors, in this study, the effect of spacing between pregnancies was evaluated for probable effect on the incidence of dystocia in labor. materials and methods: this is a cross - sectional study used the records of 210 pregnant women referred to azad university hospitals between january 2000 and december...

Objective: An experiment was conducted at Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center in the production season of 2013/14 and 2014/15 with the objective of identifying the best combination of intra and inter-row spacing for optimum plant population density of stevia. Methods: The experiment was conducted using five intra-row spacing (20cm, 25cm, 30cm, 35cm, and 40...

This document analyzes the state of the Internet domain-based routing system, concentrating on Inter-Domain Routing (IDR) and also considering the relationship between inter-domain and intra-domain routing. The analysis is carried out with respect to RFC 1126 and other IDR requirements and design efforts looking at the routing system as it appeared to be in 2001 with editorial additions reflect...