the mode of heat and mass transfer during baking of bakery products is an important factor determining the quality of the final product. the heating rate could alter the starch properties during gelatinization and affect the quality of products after baking and during aging. sangak is a kind of iranian flat bread baked on the hot pebble gravels. the aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts...

Radiocarbon dating of a wood sample from the upper part of a sequence of coarse fluvial gravels at Branchs Creek has confirmed that accumulation of coarse fluvial gravels continued into the late Mid Holocene, prior to an influx of up to 3 m of sand during the last two millenia. Ongoing erosion at Branchs Creek has revealed that clay previously interpreted as a separate unit beneath the gravels ...

Airborne Laser Scanning or LiDAR data are widely used nowadays in river valleys for topography and hydro-morphology. However, the large data sets of unprocessed 3D point clouds require some challenging treatment and end-users may prefer to deal with DTMs (Digital Terrain Models) derived from LiDAR surveys. Without any complementary data (such as field survey or photographs) detecting position a...

In many gravel-bedded rivers, floods that fill the channel banks create just enough shear stress to move the median-sized gravel particles on the bed surface (D50). Because this observation is common and is supported by theory, the coincidence of bankfull flow and the incipient motion of D50 has become a commonly used assumption. However, not all natural gravel channels actually conform to this...

Unbound aggregates are the most common type of materials used for construction of the base layer of flexible pavements in Iran and worldwide. Due to the lack of binder, the performance of the compacted unbound aggregates is highly dependent on the properties of the gravel (particles remaining on sieve 4.75mm, sand (particles passing sieve 4.75mm and remaining on sieve 0....

Coarse-grained beaches are particularly prevalent in the UK, composed of accumulations of either gravel, or mixed sand and gravel sediments. Understanding and predicting their morphological behaviour in response to short-term and long-term forcing has been the subject of recent research. Despite the focus on sandy beaches, it is important to understand that the balance of processes that govern ...

—Endangered Interior Least Terns ( Sterna antillarum athalassos ) and threatened Piping Plovers ( Charadrius melodus ) nest in Nebraska at gravel mines where they are vulnerable to disturbance and nest loss. Conflicts occur when their nesting and protected status delay mining activities. The possibility of shifting nesting from active to inactive mining areas by using a deterrent (mylar flaggin...

We use the Be concentration in alluvial sand and gravel to document hillslope exposure history and trace the reduction in grain size of river alluvium in the Clearwater River basin, western Washington State. Clearwater tributary basins Wilson Creek (WC, 6 km) and East Fork Miller Creek (EFMC, 12 km) were each sampled in headwater and downstream sites for Be in alluvial sand (0.25–0.50 mm) and g...

In a recent issue of the Proceedings, Jennings & Smyth (1990) investigated a critical aspect of the Holocene coastal evolution of much of Britain; namely gravel (or shingle) sediment supply and beach morphodynamics through time. Their study area is the coastline of East Sussex, and it should be noted that it is only a component of the larger coastal unit (or 'master cell') between Selsey Bill a...

Two groups of 4 pigeons learned either matching-to-sample or oddity-from-sample by digging in white and black gravel for buried grain. Learning occurred as early as Trial 11, and acquisition was accelerated by as much as 100-fold compared with learning in traditional key-peck environments. Control experiments showed that performance was not controlled by cues other than the gravel stimuli and w...