Amidst the human suffering caused an influenza epidemic it is all too easy to overlook the disease's wider social and economic impact. Not only does influenza impose huge infrastructure demands on health care systems, but it exacts substantial economic costs in terms of sickness-related absenteeism, disrupted work schedules and lost productivity to society at large. Influenza accounts for aroun...

Over the past 20 years, the requested informations for drugs safety and efficacy are expanded with data about patient results, cost and cost-effectiveness, which increased significantly the соsts of pharmaceutical companies. Direct comparisons must be carried out with other drug product and these pharmacoeconomic comparisons are called Phase IV or post-marketing studies. Cost analysis focuses o...

The paper surveys the various economic costs associated with terrorism. Particularly important is the distinction between the direct and the indirect costs. While many terrorist attacks cause substantial amounts of property damage and create casualties, most of the costs associated with terrorism involve the indirect costs. Although terrorism can reduce a nation’s overall growth rate, the costs...

Estimating the economic value to societies of health research is a complex but essential step in establishing and justifying appropriate levels of investment in research. The practical difficulties encountered include: identifying and valuing the relevant research inputs (when many pieces of research may contribute to a clinical advance); accurately ascribing the impact of the research; and app...

damage to essential facilities (e.g. lifelines and industrial facilities) due to extreme loads may cause remarkable indirect impact as well as direct physical loss. hence understanding seismic performance of essential facilities is very important in high seismic risk regions. on october 23, 2011 an earthquake of magnitude mw7.2 occurred in van province in eastern turkey. several damages occurre...

BACKGROUND School closures were widely implemented in Argentina during the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus pandemic. OBJECTIVES To assess the economic impact of school closures on households, their effectiveness in preventing children from engaging in social group activities, and parental attitudes toward them. METHODS Three schools that closed for 2 weeks in response to the pandemic were identif...

This study underscores the importance of adopting integrated parking management policies that ensure not only more rational use of the available parking spaces, evenly balancing supply and demand and bringing in revenues to cover the parking facilities costs, but also the improved attractiveness of alternative transportation modes. Parking supply and demand flows within the UC campus are estima...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important public health problem in south-eastern Nepal affecting very poor rural communities. Since 2005, Nepal is involved in a regional initiative to eliminate VL. This study assessed the economic impact of VL on households and examined whether the intensified VL control efforts induced by the government resulted in a decrease in hou...

Timely progression through school is an important measure for school performance, completion and the onset of other life transitions for adolescents. This study examines the risk factors for grade repetition and establishes the extent to which age-for-grade heterogeneity contributes to subsequent grade repetition at early and later stages of school. Using data from a demographic surveillance si...

INTRODUCTION Despite the acknowledged clinical importance of radiology and an awareness of issues surrounding the rural radiology workforce and access to services and equipment, there is a paucity of information assessing the adequacy of rural radiology services in Australia. Assessing the satisfaction of rural GPs with the radiology services available to them is one way of assessing the adequa...