Introduction: Vertebral arteries arise from the root of the neck as the first branches from the superior-posterior aspect of the subclavian arteries. They ascend the neck to enter the cranial cavity and supply blood to the brain. Methods: A total of 20 cadavers (in 10 years) were dissected for the study of variations in the origin of the vertebral artery. This study was conducte...

conclusions in our conditions, the use of an anatomical landmark-guided procedure was the preferred treatment method due to limited resources and a lack of adequate training. background central venous cannulation is a current and important procedure used in the operating room and intensive care unit. some studies have shown that the application of ultrasound-guided cannulation can improve the s...

background: cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women in the world. papanicolaou smear is known as a standard test for cervical cancer screening; however, the most important challenge is high rates of false negative results. the aim of this study was to compare the quality of smears obtained by anatomical spatula and spatula-cytobrush. the most important factor in false negative ...

the anterior cruciate ligament (acl) is composed of two bundles, which work together to provide both antero-posterior and rotatory stability of the knee. understanding the anatomy and function of the acl plays a key role in management of patients with acl injury. anatomic acl reconstruction aims to restore the function of the native acl. femoral and tibial tunnels should be placed in their anat...

enucleation at different ages on the sizes of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus of infant and adult monkeys. Brain Res 1987;428:259–65. 6 Yücel YH, Kalichman MW, Mizisin AP, et al. Histomorphometric analysis of optic nerve changes in experimental glaucoma. J Glaucoma 1999;8:38–45. 7 Harwerth RS, Crawford MLJ, Frishman LJ, et al. Visual field defects and neural losses from experimental g...