A modified approach to endoscopic carpal tunnel release has been developed and tested in 60 cadaveric specimens by three surgeons using the Agee endoscopic carpal tunnel release system. The modified approach, which includes specific localization of the hook of the hamate, flexor retinaculum, and the superficial palmar arch utilizing topographical landmarks, avoids entry into Guyon's canal and i...

BACKGROUND Hip endoscopy facilitates the treatment of extra-articular disorders of the proximal femur. Unfortunately, current knowledge of proximal femur anatomy is limited to qualitative descriptions and lacks surgically relevant landmarks. PURPOSE To provide a quantitative and qualitative analysis of proximal femur anatomy in reference to surgically relevant bony landmarks. STUDY DESIGN D...

BACKGROUND External ventricular drainage (EVD) is an emergency process intended to reduce intracranial hypertension resulting from the obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. This creates a temporary situation to extract CSF that cannot pass through normally. Knowing the surface anatomy for EVD implantation is important to prevent its inadvertent complications. The external landmarks hav...

Brachial plexus nerve blocks are performed to treat patients with chronic pain referable to the brachial plexus. The needle insertion and trajectory are based on palpation of surface landmarks. Occasionally, the surface landmarks are difficult to identify owing to body habitus or anatomic alterations secondary to surgery or radiation therapy. The intent of this manuscript is to describe a techn...

Background The Formetric 4D System (Diers International GmbH, Schlangenbad Germany) is a popular system for measuring surface topography in patients with adolescent scoliosis [1-4]. The system automatically detects anatomic landmarks on the patient, but then gives the user the opportunity to make adjustments to those landmarks if necessary. The purpose of this study was to see whether there wou...

Injury to the proximal tibiofibular joint is uncommon. Previous studies regarding the anatomy of this region have predominantly focused on joint orientation. As radiographic technology has advanced, later studies have attempted to evaluate the capsular anatomy. However, no reports specifically map the ligaments to this joint. The objectives of the current study were to define specific ligamento...