While significant medical breakthroughs have been achieved through using animal models, our experience shows that often there is surplus material remaining that is frequently never revisited but could be put to good use by other scientists. Recognising that most scientists are willing to share this material on a collaborative basis, it makes economic, ethical, and academic sense to explore the ...

This is the report of the thirty-first of a series of workshops organised by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM). ECVAM’s main goal, as defined in 1993 by its Scientific Advisory Committee, is to promote the scientific and regulatory acceptance of alternative methods which are of importance to the biosciences and which reduce, refine or replace the use of labor...

The development of an application based on a set of best software engineering practices involves first their selection. This process may become complex due to the variables involved. This paper presents an Operations Research approach for the selection of best software engineering practices for the development of applications or computational systems considering a series of alternatives and sel...

The origins of the concept of alternatives to animal testing in the 1950s, and the range of replacement alternative methods and progress toward their incorporation into fundamental and applied research, education are discussed. The three R’s that is Replacement, Reduction, Refinement are defined. Importance and advantages of alternatives to animal testing methods are mentioned. Information is g...