Steel production involves three basic steps. At first, the heat source is to be produced to melt the iron ore. Next in a furnace iron is melted. Lastly, to produce steel the molten iron is processed. The advantage of steel over iron is greatly enhanced strength. The properties of steel are highly reliant on the amount of alloying elements, so that their levels are carefully controlled during it...

Using the observed temperature dependence of a-Si:H photon absorption spectrum and the weak-phonon interaction second-order transition theory, phonon-coupling enhanced photon absorption is predicted for a-Si-Ge and a-Si-Sn alloys. The ab initio calculated electron and phonon properties of the alloyed amorphous phase show minimally altered electronic states and significant redshifted phonon ener...

Ni-20 wt pct Cr wires, as individual wires or within 3D woven structures, are alloyed with Mo, Al, and Ti by gas-phase surface deposition and volume interdiffusion. Mo deposition creates Mo-rich coating and Kirkendall pores. Al+Ti co-deposition creates uniform triple-layered coating. The resulting homogenized and aged Ni-(17.4-19.6)Cr-(1.6-1.8)Al-(2.5-3.6)Ti-(1.54.5)Mo(wt pct) wires exhibit c+ ...

Niobium is an important alloying element in the design of heat-resistant ferritic stainless steels for automotive exhaust systems. When in solid solution, it improves both the high temperature strength and the resistance to thermal fatigue. However, it also forms several kinds of precipitates during service. These reactions have been modelled, taking into account the multicomponent nature of th...

Hydrogen is often present in metals as a result of production, fabrication and processing operations or service conditions. Thus, it can be regarded as an alloying element. Although, high hydrogen levels in metals can have a devastating effect on the mechanical properties, many positive effects can also be derived from its high solubility. The objective of this paper is to review some positive ...

Abstract The use of magnesium alloys in aerospace is relatively restricted by their poor ignition resistance performance. A continuous heating test was conducted to investigate the pure Mg, ZM5, and ZM6 with different alloying elements. It found that elements greatly influenced alloys. With about 2% addition Nd rare earth element, had a higher temperature than Mg. In comparison, which contains ...

This study examined the synergic effect of alloying the element Cr and the environmental element Mg2+ ions on the corrosion property of a low-alloy steel in seawater at 60 °C, by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear polarization resistance (LPR) tests and weight-loss tests. The Mg2+ ions in seawater played an important role in lowering the electron transfer of the rust ...

Recent trends in the emerging field of surface-supported magnetic nanostructures are reviewed. Current strategies for nanostructure synthesis are summarized, followed by a predominantly theoretical description of magnetic phenomena in surface magnetic structures and a review of experimental research in this field. Emphasis is on Fe- or Co-based nanostructures in various low-dimensional geometri...