the outflow of nurses to more affluent countries was a serious problem, worsening the shortage that already exists.” The Ghana Registered Nurses Association reported that in 2000, some 500 nurses left Ghana for higher pay in other countries. This is three times the number of nurses that left in 1999, and double the number of nurses that Ghana graduated in that same year. Reports from Europe are...

We study fairness ideals in distribution systems where inventory is allocated to multiple retailers and there supply–demand mismatch. In particular, we focus on (a) what considered fair allocation by (e.g., equal profit, same fill rate, share of mismatch?) (b) how the supply chain context affects perceptions. consider an integrated setting total at retail level may face either shortage or surpl...

China’s grain production has been on a pathway paralleled with urbanization in recent 40 years, from lower efficiency and productivity to the higher ones, met complex impact factors contradiction between sustainable development of farming urbanization. Spatial-temporal pattern China, by total per capita output, was analyzed through Local Moran’I 1985 2019. Until 2019, high-output countries were...

In this expression, the product atctSt denotes the projected supply in year t of fulltime-equivalent (FTE) physicians in patient care. Component St denotes the number of physicians projected to be alive in year t, component at is the fraction of those physicians who are projected to be professionally active in year t, and component ct is the fraction of the professionally active number of FTE p...

The last decade has seen considerable concern regarding a shortage of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workers to meet the demands of the labor market. At the same time, many experts have presented evidence of a STEM worker surplus. A comprehensive literature review, in conjunction with employment statistics, newspaper articles, and our own interviews with company recrui...

In order to study retailers’ ordering behavior deviating from the standard theoretical optimal decision, which is caused by information asymmetry, cognitive ability, insufficient computing and other factors, we construct a bounded-rationality choice model with quantal response equilibrium. First, existence uniqueness of equilibrium transshipment game have been proved price satisfying certain co...