The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis describes a complex set of positive and negative feedback influences between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland.[...].

Metabolic diseases are an increasing problem in society with the brain-metabolic axis as a master regulator of human body for sustaining homeostasis under metabolic stress. However, inflammation and disease will trigger sustained activation hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In this study, we investigated role stress on progenitor cells vitro, applied insulin leptin to murine isolated from pi...

It is widely acknowledged that the nature of the maternal care a child receives can have long-term repercussions, and that children raised in deprived environments can have severe cognitive and behavioural difficulties that last into adulthood. The mechanisms underlying these effects are not understood, but recent data from rodents provide insight into a potential molecular mechanism. Like huma...

Stress is believed to be harmful to not only mental but also physical health. However, proving a link between stress and disease is difficult. A recent study reported that an environmental enrichment reduced cancer growth via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and leptin. Here, we report that mice kept in a fragrant environment enriched with α-pinene show reduced melanoma growth. Tumor vol...

Plasma levels of corticosterone (B) respond acutely to exercise in all mammals that have been studied, but the literature contains conflicting reports regarding how chronic activity alters this response. We measured acute and chronic effects of voluntary activity on B in a novel animal model, mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running. Female mice were housed with or without wheels ...

Cholestatic patients often present with clinical features suggestive of adrenal insufficiency. In the bile duct-ligated (BDL) model of cholestasis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is suppressed. The consequences of this suppression on cholangiocyte proliferation are unknown. We evaluated 1) HPA axis activity in various rat models of cholestasis and 2) effects of HPA axis modulatio...

The effect of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) has been regarded as a 'benign physiological response'. A recent survey suggests that adrenal crisis might be more common in asthmatic children on ICS than previously thought. The clinical features of adrenal insufficiency are non-specific and can easily be missed. Accurate biochemical assessment of the...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate predictors of survival time in dogs undergoing adrenalectomy and identify risk factors associated with adrenal gland tumor metastasis and vein thrombosis. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 52 dogs with primary adrenal gland tumors. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed. Signalment, tumor features, and information from surgical procedures were evaluated to ...

OBJECTIVE This article focuses on the differential activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. METHOD The results of recently reported reviews of the literature are summarized and discussed. RESULTS The results of experimental studies that assayed adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol and prolactin show that real-life panic attac...