Twelve rats made repeated choices on an adjusting-delay schedule between a smaller reinforcer (A) that was delivered immediately after a response and a larger reinforcer (B) that was delivered after a delay which increased or decreased by 20% depending on the subject's choices in successive blocks of trials. In two phases of the experiment (100 sessions and 40 sessions), reinforcer sizes were s...

BACKGROUND Experimental laboratory evidence suggests that bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor, is a neurodevelopmental toxicant. However, there have been limited and inconclusive results with respect to sex-specific BPA effects on child behavior. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between prenatal BPA exposure and child behavior, adjusting for postnatal BPA exposure and hypothesizing...

We adjust the transient dynamics of a piezoactuated bimorph atomic force microscopy (AFM) probe using a state feedback controller. This approach enables us to adjust the quality factor and the resonance frequency of the probe simultaneously. First, we first investigate the effect of feedback gains on dynamic response of the probe and then show that the time constant of the probe can be reduced ...

Utilizing the collective behavior of a population of interacting individuals, based on rather simple local algorithms, is a promising approach for achieving complex goals. We use an onboard online evolutionary model, based on finite Moore automata, to develop collective behavior in an artificial swarm of micro-robots. Experiments have been made in simulation to achieve Collision Avoidance. The ...