Abstract Long-term flood risk adaptation and decision making are complex because the future is full of deep uncertainties. Flexibility robustness can be used to deal with uncertainty. This study developed an integrated modeling framework that extends previous studies spatial domain assess risks cost benefit three measures for four types buildings in Shanghai. Real options analysis (ROA) dynamic...

Mainstreaming adaptation in infrastructure development is a crucial component of building resilience to climate change impacts. This Insight presents an appraisal of economic projects to support the assessment of adaptation options to river and coastal flooding in the city of Bilbao in Spain. The economic methodology to incorporate uncertainty into decision-making processes considers three appr...

Climate change is a significant future driver of change in coastal social-ecological systems. Our knowledge of impacts, adaptation options, and possible outcomes for marine environments and coastal industries is expanding, but remains limited and uncertain. Alternative scenarios are a way to explore potential futures under a range of conditions. We developed four alternative future scenarios fo...

as the incidence of obesity increases, less invasive weight loss methods rather than bariatric surgery will be needed. this article reviews the advances in endoscopy, results, benefits and side effects of these techniques for treating obesity. the endoscopic options for weight loss could be broadly grouped under the following categories: restriction procedures, malabsorption procedures, and neu...