Introduction: The removal of organic precursors of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), i.e. natural organic matter (NOM), prior to disinfection is considered as the most effective approach to minimise the formation of DBPs. Trihalomethanes (THMs) as the main group of DBPs are categorized and considered to have the potentiality of increasing the rate of liver, kidney and CNS adverse effects. Methods...

The authors review the main concepts regarding the importance of cleaning/disinfection of ultrasonography probes, aiming a better comprehension by practitioners and thus enabling strategies to establish a safe practice without compromising the quality of the examination and the operator productivity. In the context of biosafety, it is imperative to assume that contact with blood or body fluids ...

A significant number of hospital-acquired infections occur due to inefficient disinfection of hospital surfaces, instruments and rooms. The emergence and wide spread of multiresistant forms of several microorganisms has led to a situation where few compounds are able to inhibit or kill the infectious agents. Several strategies to disinfect both clinical equipment and the environment are availab...

In Sarawak, a state of Malaysia on Borneo Island, clean water supply coverage is estimated to be 81.4% in 2020, whereby those without access are rural residents. Although the aims achieve full by 2025, budget limitations make this impossible. This research proposes decentralized system that harvests rainwater and river households with water. The selected study area Pelaman Monggak, village Bau ...

There is little information available on the bacteriological contamination of upper gastrointestinal fibreoptic endoscopes during routine use and the effects of 'disinfecting solutions'. A bacteriological evaluation was therefore made of cleaning an endoscope and its ancillary equipment with (1) water, (2) an aqueous solution of 1% cetrimide with 0.1% chlorhexidine, and (3) activated aqueous 2%...

AND YUEFENG F. XIE aloacetic acids (HAAs) are a group of disinfection by-products (DBPs) regulated under the Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule (D/DBPR). The maximum contaminant level for five HAAs is 60 μg/L. These five regulated HAAs are monochloroacetic acid (ClAA), dichloroacetic acid (Cl2AA), trichloroacetic acid (Cl3AA), monobromoacetic acid (BrAA), and dibromoacetic acid ...