With the prevalence of obesity, artificial, non-nutritive sweeteners have been widely used as dietary supplements that provide sweet taste without excessive caloric load. In order to better understand the overall actions of artificial sweeteners, especially when they are chronically used, we investigated the peripheral and central nervous system effects of protracted exposure to a widely used a...

The alkyl cyclic ketone (ACK) fragrance ingredients are a diverse group of structures with similar metabolic and toxicity profiles. ACK fragrance materials demonstrate low acute toxicity. Upon repeat dose testing, some adverse effects in biochemical and hematological parameters, and slightly increased liver and kidney weights were reported, primarily at high doses, resulting from adaptive effec...

A great variety of todays networked applications require a reliable multicast service. A number of the proposed reliable multicast protocols use a positive acknowledgment scheme, which returns ACKs to the sender to confirm correct delivery. To avoid the well-known implosion problem in the case of large receiver groups, often a tree-based approach is used, i.e., receivers are organized in a tree...

A great variety of todays networked applications require a reliable multicast service. A number of the proposed reliable multicast protocols use a positive acknowledgment scheme, which returns ACKs to the sender to confirm correct delivery. To avoid the well-known implosion problem in the case of large receiver groups, often a tree-based approach is used, i.e., receivers are organized in a tree...

ACK filtering has been proposed as a technique to alleviate the congestion at the input of a slow channel located on the reverse path of a TCP connection. Old ACKs waiting at the input of the slow channel are erased when new ACKs are to be queued. In the literature the case of one-ACK per connection at a time has been studied. In this paper we show that this latter scheme is too aggressive for ...

This paper is concerned with block acknowledgement (ACK) mechanisms in wireless regenerative relay networks. In an N -relay network, a total of (2N + 1) block ACK packets is required to acknowledge the data transmission between source and destination nodes via the N relay nodes. In this paper, we propose a block ACK scheme based on network coding (NC) to significantly reduce the acknowledgement...

In this paper, a Per-Hop Acknowledgement (PHACK)-based scheme is proposed for each packet transmission to detect selective forwarding attacks. In our scheme, the sink and each node along the forwarding path generate an acknowledgement (ACK) message for each received packet to confirm the normal packet transmission. The scheme, in which each ACK is returned to the source node along a different r...

AIMS Cyclophilin A (CyPA) is a pro-inflammatory mediator involved in oxidative stress-related cardiovascular diseases. It is secreted from vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a highly regulated manner. Extracellular CyPA activates VSMCs and endothelial cells (ECs) promoting inflammation, cell growth, and cell death. Recently, it was shown that acet...

for the FTP service and for the video service, mainly because the frames transmitted in these services are longer than the ones for the voice application. However, the number of supported users is higher for voice. This simulator will allow for tuning-up several parameters like the ones related to how to use BlockACK, normal ACK, and NO ACK policies.