Evaluate the effect on shear bond strength (SBS) of 5% NaOCl applied after acid etching ground anterior teeth with fluorosis and analyze surface scanning electron microscopy (SEM), also compare fluorotic healthy enamel by atomic force (AFM) Vickers microhardness (VM). For SBS test 30 moderate severe according Dean index were selected an examiner previously calibrated expert in using intraclass ...

Objective. To determine the effect of lactic acid at various concentrations on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with the resin adhesive system before and after water storage. Materials and Methods. Hundred extracted human premolars were divided into 5 treatment groups and etched for 30 seconds with one of the following agents: lactic acid solution with (A) 10%, (B) 20%, (C...

Recently, Matiullah et al. described the use of NaOH/ethanol as an etchant for the CR-39 detector, and have determined the corresponding bulk and track etch properties from the track diameter method. In the present work, the bulk and track etch properties of CR39 in NaOH/ethanol were derived from direct measurements. The bulk etch rate has been found to increase with the molarity of NaOH/ ethan...

A flower-like TiO2-based composite (denoted as Zn-Ti-6) was prepared using a zinc oxide template for adsorption–photocatalytic degradation of high-chroma methylene blue. The reaction took place in an alkaline environment following hydrochloric acid treatment to remove the and form composite. Sodium hydroxide played both roles morphology-directing agent reactive etchant. possible mechanism forma...

Aqueous NaOH with ethanol (strong) etchant is widely used. It shortens etching time effectively compared to normal conditions (6.25N at 70 °C). Two equations have been proposed calculate the molarity and volume. Another two empirical were introduced for estimating bulk etch rates of PADC etched in strong etchant. Up now, there no such available literature that can predict V b volumes. The funda...

Graphene film grown by chemical vapor deposition using Cu substrate is promising for industrial applications. After etching the Cu substrate, which is essential step in graphene transfer process, the etchant solution must be chemically treated to prevent water pollution. Here we investigated that a method of reusing Cu etchant used to synthesize graphene, the synthesis of graphene on the result...

Gallium arsenide junction field-effect transistors (GaAs JFETs) can be made immune to carrier freeze-out, making such transistors useful for the readout of detector arrays that operate at 4 K. Typical applications require transistors with very low noise and extremely low leakage current. By using a recently developed etchant for GaAs that is highly isotropic, etched GaAs JFETs have fabricated t...

In this study, the effect of solvents, HCl and aqua regia at room temperature, on the etching behavior of ITO film was investigated. A higher etching rate was obtained in aqua regia than in HCl. However, via XPS analysis, it was found that there was more surface residual byproduct in aqua regia etchant than in HCl. The surface concentration (ratio of chlorine to indium) was 7.2 and 0.38 in aqua...