The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a key role in the physiological response to stress, preparing the organism for appropriate action. While some research has examined universally relevant threats, other research has suggested that individual differences may moderate the relationship between stress and cortisol release, such that some individuals exhibit modified reactivity to p...

This research focused on the impact of empowering leadership behaviors on employees’ work outcomes, including in-role behaviors, organizational citizenship behaviors directed toward the organization (OCBO), and affective commitment. This impact is proposed to be mediated by psychological empowerment. Also, I propose the association between empowering leadership behaviors and psychological empow...

ver the last eighteen years, changes in the American economy have dramatically increased the skills workers need to earn a middle-class living. However, almost half of American students now leave high school without the requisite skills. The mismatch between the growing skill demands of employers and the skills of graduating students creates a need for dramatic school improvement. Yet improveme...

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background and purpose: in an era of increasing professional accountability, there is a need for both medical educators and licensing bodies to identify the exit competencies expected from medical graduates. pediatrics department of isfahan university of medical sciences has defined learning outcomes that should be achieved in pediatric ambulatory setting and both learners and teachers were inf...

Online education, as a type of distance education, has attracted the attentions of administrators, instructors, and students in recent decades. In the midst of the Covid-19 epidemic, online education has become an unavoidable need. Students' participation in such programs may have an impact on their learning and achievement. The current study looked at the link between engagement and achievemen...