he purpose of the article is to exhibit this fact that embellishments, despite of their lexical meaning, do not play just an ornamental role in iranian classical music, but they have an extremely important function to form the structural facets of dastgahi music; in fact, the embellishments are irremovable elements in the mentioned musical system. first of all, some brief explanations about con...

Pentavalent antimonials (SbV) have been successfully used for treatment of kala-azar since last six decades. Since 1970s its conventional dosages have failed to achieve with 60 per cent unresponsiveness reported with WHO regimen in Bihar (India). Pentamidine initially used as a second line of drug, acquired resistance (25%) even with prolonged dosage. Newer oral drug miltefosine is a potent ant...

BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar is a parasitic disease caused by the species of Leishmania donovani complex. It is endemic in some parts of provinces of Iran. According to the reported cases of VL in Kermanshah Province in recent years, this study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of VL in high risk villages of the province. METHODS Totally, 1622 serum samples ...

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania transmitted by insects of the genus Lutzomyia sp. or Phlebotomus sp. The main syndromes are cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. This article reviews kidney involvement in cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, highlighting...

We assessed the prevalence of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), a late cutaneous manifestation of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), in 16 VL-endemic communities in Bihar, India. The prevalence of confirmed PKDL cases was 4.4 per 10 000 individuals and 7.8 if probable cases were also considered. The clinical history and treatment of the post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis cases are discussed.

INTRODUCTION Kala-azar is a disease resulting from infection by Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum. Most patients with the disease exhibit prolonged fever, wasting, anemia and hepatosplenomegaly without complications. However, some patients develop severe disease with hemorrhagic manifestations, bacterial infections, jaundice, and edema dyspnea, among other symptoms, followed by death....

The difficulty of treatment of kala-azar when associated with pulmonary tuberculosis has been recognized by all workers who have come across such cases. Napier (1937) considered pulmonary tuberculosis and kala-azar to be a fatal combination. He had observed that when kalaazar and pulmonary tuberculosis co-existed, antimony treatment had little or no effect on the symptoms, fever and splenic enl...

The efficacy of antimony in the treatment of kala azar was established before the period covered by these observations. China gave antimony to the world2, but the honour of its successful introduction and application in the treatment of kala azar belongs chiefly to Napier and to Brahmachari of India. The compounds of antimony now in use for the treatment of kala azar are direct results of the c...

Remote sensing was applied for the collection of spatio-temporal data to increase our understanding of the potential distribution of the kala-azar vector Phlebotomus argentipes in endemic areas of the Vaishali district of Bihar, India. We produced monthly distribution maps of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) based on data from the thematic mapper (TM) sensor onboard the Landsat...

6 1 Global Overview of Leishmaniasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 1.1 Disease Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 1.2 Disease Incidence/Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....