G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in humans are classified into the five main families named Glutamate, Rhodopsin, Adhesion, Frizzled and Secretin according to the GRAFS classification. Previous results show that these mammalian GRAFS families are well represented in the Metazoan lineages, but they have not been shown to be present in Fungi. Here, we systematically mined 79 fungal genomes and...

In contrast to the prevailing view that invertebrate immunity relies on broad-spectrum recognition and effector mechanisms, intrinsic genetic compatibility between invertebrate hosts and their pathogens is often highly specific in nature. Solving this puzzle requires a better understanding of the molecular basis underlying observed patterns of invertebrate host-pathogen genetic specificity, bro...

Encounters with pathogens provoke changes in gene transcription that are an integral part of host innate immune responses. In recent years, studies with invertebrate model organisms have given insights into the origin, function, and evolution of innate immunity. Here, we use genome-wide transcriptome analysis to characterize the consequence of natural fungal infection in Caenorhabditis elegans....

In the past decade, the investment in fisheries development has grown remarkably in the Persian Gulf region. A 1800 km of northern coastline of the Persian Gulf, the Oman Sea and more than 14 islands belong to Iran have provided great possibilities of economic activities. In-shore marine islands such as Kish, Farour, Hendurabi, Tonb made a good opportunity for fishing and harvesting of ornament...

During a survey of Gahar Lake and Gahar River from 2008 to 2009 some specimen obtained by seasonal sampling in 6 stations, 3 stations in the lake and 3 stations in the river. Three different methods were used for sampling, gill net and hook in the lake and electrofishing in the river. Due to the results 3 species from 2 families in Gahar Lake and 12 species form 3 families in Gahar River were...

We collected 541 invertebrate specimens in riparian and upland habitats of the South Fork (SF) Eel River, California, USA, representing 12 orders and 55 families, and including adults of both aquatic and terrestrial origin. We fitted a power function to this data set at 4 taxonomic levels: 1) the entire pooled sample, 2) composite samples of aquatic and terrestrial taxa, 3) individual orders, a...

A new compilation of fossil data on invertebrate and vertebrate families indicates that four mass extinctions in the marine realm are statistically distinct from background extinction levels. These four occurred late in the Ordovician, Permian, Triassic, and Cretaceous periods. A fifth extinction event in the Devonian stands out from the background but is not statistically significant in these ...

During a survey of Gahar Lake and Gahar River from 2008 to 2009 some specimen obtained by seasonal sampling in 6 stations, 3 stations in the lake and 3 stations in the river. Three different methods were used for sampling, gill net and hook in the lake and electrofishing in the river. Due to the results 3 species from 2 families in Gahar Lake and 12 species form 3 families in Gahar River were...

A family $${\mathcal {F}}$$ on ground set $$[n]:=\{1,2,\ldots , n\}$$ is maximal k-wise intersecting if every collection of at most k sets in has non-empty intersection, and no other can be added to while maintaining this property. In 1974, Erdős Kleitman asked for the minimum size a family. We answer their question $$k=3$$ sufficiently large n. show that unique obtained by partitioning [n] int...