The strategic behavior of technology owners creates important determinants of inter-firm technology licensing within a single industry when products are differentiated and knowledge is imperfectly appropriable. Transaction cost considerations factor in heavily when the net is extended to cross-industry licensing. The probability that two companies will engage in a licensing agreement, then, mai...

Emiliania huxleyi virus 202 (EhV-202) is a member of the Coccolithoviridae, a group of viruses that infect the marine coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. EhV-202 has a 160- to 180-nm-diameter icosahedral structure and a genome of approximately 407 kbp, consisting of 485 coding sequences (CDSs). Here we describe the genomic features of EhV-202, together with a draft genome sequence and its annot...

The PGC family of transcriptional co-activators (PGC-1alpha [Ppargc1a], PGC-1beta [Ppargc1b], and PRC [Pprc]) coordinates the upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, and Ppargc1a is known to be activated in response to mitochondrial damage in sepsis. Therefore, we postulated that the PGC family is regulated by the innate immune system. We investigated whether mitochondrial biogenesis and PGC ...

Purpose: MicroRNAs (miRNA) that are strongly implicated in carcinogenesis have recently reshaped our understanding of the role of non–protein-coding RNAs. Here, we focused on the function and molecular mechanism of miR-202-3p and its potential clinical application in colorectal cancer. Experimental Design:miR-202-3p expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) i...

Emerging studies have indicated that microRNAs are involved in the development and progression of cancer. Here we found that miR-202-3p was frequently down-regulated in gastric cancer tissues. Overexpression of miR-202-3p in gastric cancer cells MKN-28 and BGC-823, markedly suppressed cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Gli1 expression was frequ...

(4.1) Let E,F be nonempty subsets of R, E is compact and F is closed. Then there exist (e, f) ∈ E ×F such that d(E,F ) = d(e, f). proof Let α = d(E,F ) = inf(x,y)∈E×F d(x, y) be the distance between the two sets. Let > 0, and let x0 be a given element of E. Since E is compact, it is in particular bounded, and there exists r > 0 such that E ⊂ B(r, x0). Now consider the closed ball B(r + α+ , x0)...

On a winding open road, a driver consistently looks to the inside of each bend before turning the steering wheel. When researchers disrupt this coordination by instructing drivers not to move their eyes, drivers’ performance is impaired and their completion time during racing increases. The present authors examined whether changing internal states in a way that also restricts eye movements redu...

Complete, active, immunoglobulin variable (V) 1 genes are generated by somatic rearrangement of DNA sequences during the differentiation of lymphocyte precursor cells (1, 2). In the mouse, the conventionally defined V region of the light chains, both and ~¢ types, consists of two DNA segments: VL and Je, which are separate in the germline genome. The two DNA segments are joined at the 3' end of...

where En are measurable sets. Let > 0. Since μ is outer regular, and inner regular on measurable sets of finite measure, there exist an open set On and a compact set Kn such that Kn ⊂ En ⊂ On μ(En)− 1 2N < μ(Kn) ≤ μ(En) ≤ μ(On) < μ(En) + 1 2N thus Kn ⊂ On and μ(On)− μ(Kn) < 1 N , and since X is of finite measure, we have μ(On \Kn) < 1 N consider the closed sets Kn and O c n. By Urysohn’s Lemma,...