Contours and textures are important attributes of object surfaces, and are often described by combinations of local orientations in visual images. To elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying contour and texture processing, we examined receptive field (RF) structures of neurons in visual area V2 of the macaque monkey for encoding combinations of orientations. By measuring orientation tuning at...

Increased urinary albumin excretion is not simply an aftermath of glomerular injury, but is also involved in the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN).Whereas Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are incriminated in the renal inflammation of DN, whether and howalbumin is involved in the TLR-related renal inflammatory response remains to be clarified. Here, we showed that both TLR2 and TLR4, one of the...

J.A. Winger a, D.P. Bazin a,1, W. Benenson a,b, G.M. Crawley a,b, D.J. Morrissey a,c, N.A. Orr a, R. Pfaff a,b, B.M. Sherrill ~,b, M. Steiner ~,b, M. Thoennessen a,b, S.J. Yennello ~ a n d B . M . Y o u n g ~,b National Supereonducting Cylotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1321, USA b Department of Physics andAstronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, ...

Este artigo tem o objetivo de demonstrar a importância do recurso à história no pensamento político Dante Alighieri (1265-1321). As fontes utilizadas na análise foram aquelas em que autor mais se manifestou politicamente, saber: opúsculo filosófico Convívio/Banquete (1304-1308), as Epístolas V, VI e VII (1311-1312), tratado escolástico Monarquia (1316-1321) os três poemas da Divina Comédia: Inf...

background: adipose tissue has characteristics of an endocrine organ which releases a number of adipocyte-specific factors, known as adipocytokines.  it has recently suggested that adipocytokines might play a role in pathogenesis and progression of certain cancers, especially in gastric cancer.  this study has managed to investigate endogenous and/or exogenous expression of visfatin and resisti...

background: mehr-80 is a newly established adherent human large cell lung cancer cell line that has not been transfected until now. this study aims to define the optimal transfection conditions and effects of some critical elements for enhancing gene delivery to this cell line by utilizing different non-viral transfection procedures. methods: in the current study, calcium phosphate (cap), deae-...

many cell lines, when cultured under proper conditions, can form three dimensionalstructures called multicellular spheroids. these spheroids resemble in vivo tumor models in severalaspects. therefore, studying growth characteristics and behavior of spheroids is beneficial inunderstanding the behavior of tumors under various experimental conditions. in this work, we havestudied the growth proper...

the lung cancer is one of the most dangerous cancers and is also the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, accounting for about 1.3 million deaths annually. however in clinical practice, lung cancer therapies commonly do with chemotherapy, although it is hard because the lung cancer may progress to metastasis stage. the metastasis of lung cancer is highly dependent of expression of matrix me...

background- cd24 is a cell adhesion molecule that has been implicated in metastatic tumor progression cells. our aim was clarify correlation between cd24 expression and camp:cgmp ratio in murine colorectal cancer cell line (ct26) after using cholera toxin. materials and methods- the ct26 cells were cultured in microtubes for assaying camp and cgmp; also the cells were cultured in flasks for ass...