BACKGROUND Although recent consensus guidelines proposed more aggressive vancomycin troughs of >10 or 15-20 mg/L for complicated Staphylococcus aureus infections, dosing information to achieve these targets in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) is scarce. METHODS We used Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) methods with a previously published population-pharmacokinetic model and relevant patient d...

BACKGROUND Severe malnutrition is frequently complicated by sepsis, leading to high case fatality. Oral ciprofloxacin is a potential alternative to the standard parenteral ampicillin/gentamicin combination, but its pharmacokinetics in malnourished children is unknown. METHODS Ciprofloxacin (10 mg/kg, 12 hourly) was administered either 2 h before or up to 2 h after feeds to Kenyan children hos...

Amikacin 5 mg/kg q 48 hr IM for 5-14 tx Maruska 1994 Carbenicillin 200 mg/kg SQ, IM, or IC q 24 hr Crawshaw 1992 Ceftazadime 20 mg/kg IM q 48-72 hr Wright and Whitaker 2001 Chloramphenicol 50 mg/kg SQ, IM or IC q 24 hr; 20 mg/L bath; 10 mg/mL in 0.5% saline as 24-hr bath Crawshaw 1992; Crawshaw 1992; Menard 1984 Ciprofloxacin 10 mg/kg PO q 24-48 hr for 7 tx; 25-37.5 mg/gal for 6-8 hr bath q 24 ...

Effects of eugenol (AQUI-S 20E, 10% active eugenol) sedation on cool water, yellow perch Perca flavescens (Mitchill), and warm water, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. fish metabolic rates were assessed. Both species were exposed to 0, 10, 20 and 30 mg L 1 eugenol using static respirometry. In 17°C water and loading densities of 60, 120 and 240 g L , yellow perch controls (0 mg L 1 eugenol)...

Nitric oxide (NO) is an atypical neurotransmitter that causes changes in cognition. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and guanylate cyclase (GC) inhibitors have been shown to exert some effects on cognition in previous studies; however, the findings have been controversial. This study was aimed at understanding the effects of an NOS inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), and a guanylate cyclase inhibitor...

The hepatic parasympathetic nerves and hepatic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) are involved in the secretion of a hepatic insulin sensitizing substance (HISS), which mediates peripheral insulin sensitivity. We tested whether binding of ACh to hepatic muscarinic receptors is an upstream event to the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), which, along with the activation of hepatic guanylate cyclase (GC), p...

BACKGROUND Previous study showed that the aqueous extract of the stem bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum possesses antihypertensive and vasodilatory properties. The present work investigates the acute and chronic antihypertensive effects of the methanol extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum stem bark (MECZ) in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. METHODS The acute antihypertensive effects of MECZ (5, 10 a...

The influence of 1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole (TRIM) and 3-bromo-7-nitroindazole (3-Br-7-NI), potent and relatively selective inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase, on the antinociceptive and anticonvulsive effects of diazepam and clonazepam was investigated in mice. The effects were assessed in the writhing test and pentetrazole-induced seizures, respectively. The antinocic...