PURPOSE We report a novel case of "grand mal on awakening" from sleep presenting with intractable insomnia associated with interictal epileptiform activity (IEA) during sleep. CASE REPORT A 36-year-old woman with a seizure history of grand mal on awakening since age 13 years suffered from severe, persistent insomnia despite seizure control with daytime valproic acid therapy. Bedtime hypnotic ...

Integrated Environmental Assessment (IEA) can be loosely defined as policy-relevant, multidisciplinary research on environmental issues. Many, diverse activities in this broad field are ongoing, but the approaches lack the structure, standardization and quality control common in disciplinary research. IEA has three stages: “structuring the problem”, “analyzing the problem” and “communicating th...

The Implementing Agreement This report on long-term R&D needs for wind energy was produced by the Implementing Agreement for Cooperation in the Research and Development of Wind Turbine Systems (IEA R&D Wind), which forms part of a programme of international energy technology collaboration which is undertaken under the auspices of the International Energy Agency (IEA). The IEA is the energy foru...

The unit interval in a partially ordered abelian group with order unit forms an interval effect algebra (IEA) and can be regarded as an algebraic model for the semantics of a formal deductive logic. There is a categorical equivalence between the category of IEA’s and the category of unigroups. In this article, we study the IEA-unigroup connection, focusing on the cases in which the IEA is a Boo...

A new immunoenzymatic assay (IEA) for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus strains of both human and animal origin was compared with rapid commercial kits. The sensitivities and specificities of the commercial kits varied from 90.2 to 96% and 90.8 to 93.7%, respectively. The IEA did not give any false-negative or false-positive results, while commercial kits gave high percentages of fals...

The literature on International Environmental Agreements (IEAs) predicts a rather low number of signatories to an IEA. This is in sharp contrast to empirical evidence. As experimental economics provides some evidence for more complex human behavior, extending the theory of IEAs to a broader class of preferences is clearly promising. The present paper shows that where countries’ preferences inco...