allameh tabatabaei has proposed the last and the shortest formulation of the “seddiqin argument” of which javadi amoli believes it provides no philosophical presuppositions and therefore can be the first question in islamic philosophy. the claim has yielded controversies pro and con. in the papers written on the subject matter, the claim has been criticized in particular and not in general. i t...

The need to belong can motivate belief in God. In Study 1, 40 undergraduates read bogus astrophysics articles "proving" God's existence or not offering proof. Participants in the proof-for-God condition reported higher belief in God (compared to control) when they chronically imagined God as accepting but lower belief in God when they imagined God as rejecting. Additionally, in Study 2 (72 unde...

The question “Why is there anything at all rather than absolutely nothing?” was not a question medieval Arabic-speaking philosophers were prone to raise, at least not in this exact wording. Instead, they were more concerned with the related question, “Why is there a world rather than no world at all?” or more exactly, “Why does the world have the particular features that it has?” Certainly in t...

Abstract In this essay, I argue that, all else being equal, theism is more probable than naturalism on the assumption that human beings are able to arrive at a body of moral knowledge largely accurate and complete. put forth thesis grounds if true, explanation content our intuitions terminates either in biological-evolutionary processes or social conventions adopted for pragmatic reasons; so, w...

Abstract Much of historic Christian philosophical theology has affirmed that God not only exists, but is Existence itself. Nowadays, this claim widely rejected as unintelligible by theists and non-theists alike. I argue in contrast if there such a thing itself, must be maximally excellent being, which what many philosophers call God. This because would itself need to exist, possible exists para...