This study provides a comprehensive overview of the temperature and zonal wind biases in eight reanalysis data products, with a focus on stratospheric levels. The study identifies biases in each reanalysis from the “reanalysis mean” (defined as the mean of the MERRA, ERA-Interim, and JRA-55 reanalyses). It then examines reanalysis temperature biases with respect to HIRDLS (an independent satell...

Abstract. The tropopause layer plays a key role in manifold processes atmospheric chemistry and physics. Here we compare the representation characteristics of lapse rate according to definition World Meteorological Organization (WMO) as estimated from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis data. Our study is based on 10-year records (2009 2018) ECMWF's state-of-th...

Atmospheric reanalyses depend on a mix of observations and model forecasts. In data-sparse regions such as the Arctic, the reanalysis solution is more dependent on the model structure, assumptions, and data assimilation methods than in data-rich regions. Applications such as the forcing of ice–ocean models are sensitive to the errors in reanalyses. Seven reanalysis datasets for the Arctic regio...

It is known that atmospheric dynamics in the tropical stratosphere have an influence on higher altitudes and latitudes as well as on surface weather and climate. In the tropics, the dynamics are governed by an interplay of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and semiannual oscillation (SAO) of the zonal wind. The QBO is dominant in the lower and middle stratosphere, and the SAO in the upper st...

A new tropopause definition, based on a flow-dependent blending of the traditional thermal tropopause with one based on potential vorticity, has been developed. The benefits of such a blending algorithm are most apparent in regions with synoptic scale fluctuations between tropical and extratropical airmasses. The properties of the local airmass determine the relative contributions to the locati...

This study aims to assess the performance of European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) Reanalysis fifth generation (ERA5) in terms progress made over its predecessor, ERA-Interim, East Africa (EA) reproducing observed rainfall. The rainfall used as reference are Global Precipitation Climatology (GPCC) and Climate Research Unit Time Series (CRU-TS). ERA5 predecessor is evaluat...

Atmospheric circulation is a key driver of climate variability, and the representation atmospheric modes in regional models (RCMs) can enhance credibility projections. This study examines large-scale Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project phase 5 RCMs once driven by ERA-Interim, two general (GCMs). The region Western Europe are classified using Promax rotated T-mode principal component analysis...

Abstract. Rain-on-snow (ROS) events can accelerate the surface ablation of sea ice, thus greatly influencing ice–albedo feedback. However, variability ROS over Arctic Ocean is poorly understood due to limited historical station data in this region. In study early melt season were investigated based on four widely used reanalysis products (ERA-Interim, JRA-55, MERRA, and ERA5) conjunction with a...

one of the most important issues which has long been considered as a shortfall in the civil procedure code (cpc) is the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal to issue interim orders. currently, neither the court nor the arbitral tribunal can freely grant the interim measure so that the tribunals and the court hardly accept the plea for granting the interim measure. the reason lies in the shortf...