We develop a model to study the implications of a legal environment on the organization of software production. We show that contract enforcement a®ects the organizational mode (i.e., in-house versus outsourcing) of customized software development while copyright protection determines the introduction of package software. When copyright protection is weak, only customized software will be devel...

Standard economic analysis holds that labor market rigidities are harmful for job creation and typically increase unemployment. But many orthodox reforms of the labor market have proved di±cult to implement because of political opposition. For these reasons it is important to explain why we observe such regulations. In this paper I outline a theory of how they may arise and why they ̄t together...

Context. Observations with the Hinode spectro-polarimeter have revealed strong horizontal internetwork magnetic fields in the quiet solar photosphere. Aims. We aim at interpreting the observations by means of results from numerical simulations. Methods. Radiative MHD simulations of dynamo action by near-surface convection are analyzed with respect to the relation between vertical and horizontal...

Protein content is one of the main factors determining end-use quality wheat. NO APICAL MERISTEM-B1 (NAM-B1) a major gene regulating wheat grain protein content. The present study aimed to identify new genetic resources using wild-type NAM-B1 allele breed high-protein-content cultivars. We genotyped HIGH GRAIN PROTEIN CONTENT-B1 (GPC-B1) locus and in 165 A kompetitive allele-specific polymerase...