Introduction: Sub-chronic swim stress is known to induce a prolonged hyperalgesia, which is mediated through NMDA and opioid systems. Nitric oxide is a soluble gas, which acts as a retrograde messenger that modulates the release of mentioned neurotransmitters. It is also involved in nociception and memory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of NO pathway in nociception and memory...

Stress and chronic pain have been shown to prevent the development of tolerance to morphine analgesia, which appears to be related to neuroendocrine activity and alternation in neurochemicals. Also the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in tolerance to morphine analgesia. In our pervious study, we showed that co-administration of swim stress (ss) with chronic morphine, prevent...

Growing up in rural China under the imposed hardships of the cultural revolution, Yigong Shi did not have the luxury of toys. Instead Shi, now the dean of the School of Life Sciences at Tsinghua University in Beijing, made elaborate models out of clay he collected from the fields. “I would stay for hours to a make a ship or train model with small parts,” he recalls. Decades later, as a structur...

Y. Bito, K. Hirata, T. Ebisu, Y. Kawai, Y. Otake, S. Hirata, T. Shirai, Y. Soutome, H. Ochi, M. Umeda, T. Higuchi, and C. Tanaka Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo, Japan, Neurosurgery, Nantan General Hospital, Nantan-shi, Kyoto, Japan, Medical Informatics, Meiji University of Integrative Medicine, Nantan-shi, Kyoto, Japan, Neurosurgery, Meiji University of Integra...

Adam Wagstaff (2009) reports on a statistical comparison of social health insurance (SHI) versus tax financed (TF) health systems within the OECD. On average, SHI financing is more expensive than TF and yields no better health outcomes. It lowers overall labour force participation and reduces the share of the formal sector. Why, then, is interest in SHI increasing in developing countries?Consid...

Closely related species can exhibit different behaviours despite homologous neural substrates. The nudibranch molluscs Tritonia diomedea and Melibe leonina swim differently, yet their nervous systems contain homologous serotonergic neurons. In Tritonia, the dorsal swim interneurons (DSIs) are members of the swim central pattern generator (CPG) and their neurotransmitter serotonin is both necess...

The shi...de construction in Mandarin Chinese is a cover term for at least four distinct constructions. We focus on the remarkable internal properties of the shi...de pattern proper, where both shi and de are present. We concur with a long tradition of scholarship identifying shi...de as a cleft construction, but we show it to have very different properties from itor pseudo-clefts in languages ...

Social health insurance (SHI) is enjoying something of a revival in parts of the developing world. Many countries that have in the past relied largely on tax finance (and out-of-pocket payments) have introduced SHI, or are thinking about doing so. And countries with SHI already in place are making vigorous efforts to extend coverage to the informal sector. Ironically, this revival is occurring ...