In standard arithmetic, if we, e.g., accidentally added a wrong number y to the preliminary result x, we can undo this operation by subtracting y from the result x+ y. A similar possibility to invert (undo) addition holds for intervals. In this paper, we show that if we add a single non-interval set, we lose invertibility. Thus, invertibility requirement leads to a new characterization of the c...

Perfectionists have excessively high standards and thus are prone to experience dissatisfaction and embarrassment. But what if they achieve perfection? The present study investigated in a sample of 194 university students how self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism predicted emotional reactions (satisfaction, dissatisfaction, pride, embarrassment) to imagined situations in which stu...

Stochastic programs are usually hard to solve when applied to real-world problems; a common approach is to consider the simpler deterministic program in which random parameters are replaced by their expected values, with a loss in terms of quality of the solution. The Value of the Stochastic Solution—VSS—is normally used to measure the importance of using a stochastic model. But what if VSS is ...

The purpose of this paper is to show through laboratory results, the performance of the new DLIF (Double Low-IF) receiver architecture. This new approach minimizes the receiver’s cost by eliminating the need for RF image-reject and IF-Saw channel filters, avoids some of the shortcomings of direct conversion and single Low-IF methods and can be applied in GSM-like mobile stations. Performance re...

applying two definitions of the union of if-events, p. grzegorzewski gave two generalizations of the inclusion-exclusion principle for if-events.in this paper we prove an inclusion-exclusion principle for if-states based on a method which can also be used to prove grzegorzewski's inclusion-exclusion principle for probabilities on if-events.finally, we give some applications of this principle by...

Safety standards (e.g., ISO 26262) define safety life-cycles to be adopted for the development of safety-critical systems. Professionals (i.e., safety engineers, safety managers, and, more broadly safety cultureaware personnel) who are responsible of the development of such systems can be, in turn, considered as safety-critical systems. Coursemodules aimed at forming such professionals are crit...

Sample size calculations require specification of the treatment effect, but what if this is not known? Two-stage tests use the first stage to estimate the treatment effect and modify the sample size accordingly. The purpose of this paper is to unify the theory of two-stage testing based on treatment effect. The conditional error function approach of Proschan and Hunsberger (1995) is shown to be...

In standard arithmetic, if we, e.g., accidentally add a wrong number y to the preliminary result x, we can undo this operation by subtracting y from the result x+ y. In this paper, we prove the following two results: • First, a similar possibility to invert (undo) addition holds for fuzzy numbers (although in case of fuzzy numbers, we cannot simply undo addition by subtracting y from the sum). ...

This study evaluates how people represent “even if” conditionals when they have to integrate them with previous “if then” conditionals and also make an inference. The terms in the premises were ordered to facilitate their integration (Figure 1: If A then B; Even if B C). In half the cases, the “even if” conditional was expressed with a negation instead of an affirmation (If A then B; Even if no...