School Accountability: Can We Reward Schools and Avoid Pupil Selection? School accountability schemes require measures of school performance, and these measures are in practice often based on pupil test scores. It is well-known that insufficiently correcting these test scores for pupil characteristics may provide incentives for inefficient pupil selection. We show that the trade-off between rew...

This paper analyses political forces that cause an initial expansion of public spending on higher education and an ensuing decline in subsidies. Growing public expenditures increase the future size of the higher income class and thus boost future demand for education. This demand shift implies that the initial subsidy per student becomes too expensive to be politically sustainable. Despite a vo...

Tetanus is an important disease which created by tetanospasmin toxin of Clostridium tetani. In this study we surveyed six important factors including LF, KF, MLD, pH, OD and total protein assay of Harvard 52 (H52), G5 (HG5) and 49205 (H49205) strains of the bacterium to determine which of them were more suitable for use in vaccine production. The mentioned strains were seperatedly reactivated i...

The present paper thoroughly explores second-best efficient allocations in an adverse selection insurance economy. We start from a natural extension of the classical model, assuming less than perfect risk perceptions. We propose first and second welfare theorems, by means of which we describe efficiencyenhancing policies. Notions of weak and strong adverse selection are promising for interpreti...

abstract considering the role of health in human life, economic growth and social development, we can express that; human source is both means and aim of economic growth. in prior studies about human capital and economic growth, the main emphasis was on educational capital and the role of health capital was not considered seriously. the present study tries to investigate the relationship betwee...