BACKGROUND Studies on the relationship between unemployment rate and smoking have yielded mixed results. The issue in China has not been studied. This study aims to examine the influence of unemployment rate on smoking in China. METHODS Logit model and two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimation were used to estimate the effects. Estimations were done for 4585 individual over 45 using data from...

E-commerce plays a crucial role in the digital economy. can reduce costs and boost economic growth. Therefore, global rate of is increasing very fast, which has implications for This study analyses impact e-commerce on environmental sustainability. The empirical analysis employed OLS, 2SLS, GMM, panel quantile regression methods using data 10 European economies spanning over 2002–2019. Carbon e...

The aim of this paper is to measure the returns to migration using non-experimental data taking both observed and unobserved characteristics into account. A significant challenge related to migration research and the issues of unobserved heterogeneity is that the standard 2stage least squares estimator (2SLS) is strictly only applicable to situations with linear and continuous treatment and out...

This study aims to examine the impact of gender diversity in Board Directors (BOD) on firm performance—return assets (ROA) and return equity (ROE)—using a sample Palestinian non-financial companies for period 2008–2015. Gender was measured as percentage women BOD, dummy variable existence at least one woman BOD. The employed method two-stage squares (2SLS) address endogeneity issues relationshi...

The Two-Sample Two-Stage Least Squares (TS2SLS) data combination estimator is a popular estimator for the parameters in linear models when not all variables are observed jointly in one single data set. Although the limiting normal distribution has been established, the asymptotic variance formula has only been stated explicitly in the literature for the case of conditional homoskedasticity. By ...

Abstract Standard two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression remains dominant in instrumental variables estimation of causal effects even though the literature has shown that 2SLS may be inconsistent when are heterogenous and instrument is only valid conditioning on covariates. To show this not merely a hypothetical threat, paper re-estimates returns to college using proximity as an based data f...

yt and Pt replaced by any variables that affect supply but not demand. In the 1970s econometricians began to recognize that how the supply or demand equation is normalized affects the estimator of the supply or demand elasticity (¡M or ¬R ) when the two-stage least squares (2SLS) approach is employed. The quality of this estimator is sensitive to the strength of instruments used in the 2SLS est...

This study assesses the effects of maternal healthcare on child survival by using nonrandomized data from a cross-sectional survey in Azerbaijan. Using 2SLS and simultaneous equation bivariate probit models, we estimate the effects of delivering in healthcare facility on probability of child survival taking into account self-selection into the treatment. For women who delivered at healthcare fa...