مقولات ابزار ذهن ما برای شناخت حقایق اطراف است. بشر اشیای خارجی یا مفاهیم ناظر به آن‌ها را ذیل یکی از قرار داده است و فهم می‌کند. اما میزان صدق بر تمام واقعیات هستی هنوز درستی مشخص نیست. آنچه در آرای برخی فلاسفة مشاء دیده می‌شود‌این که پیرو آن انواعی آنها‌ایجاد می‌شود نقش تعیین کننده تعین نوعی موجودات دارند صرفاً طبقه بندی انسان نیستند. در‌این میان ملاصدرا دیدگاه متفاوتی آراء خود نشان می‌دهد محد...

Conventional tilted implants are used in oral rehabilitation for heavily absorbed maxilla to avoid bone grafts; however, few research studies evaluate the biomechanical behavior when different angulations of the implants are used. The aim of this study was evaluate, trough photoelastic method, two different angulations and length of the cantilever in fixed implant-supported maxillary complete d...

This paper investigates how firms manage their savings, financing, and investment when aggregate uncertainty is time-varying. I develop and estimate a dynamic model featuring aggregate uncertainty shocks, costly external financing, investment irreversibility, and time-varying risk premia. In my model, firms have a precautionary-savings motive and real options to wait, both of which interact wit...

We analyze the puzzling behavior of the volatility of individual stock returns over the past few decades. The literature has provided many different explanations to the trend in volatility and this paper tests the viability of the different explanations. Virtually all current theoretical arguments that are provided for the trend in the average level of volatility over time lend themselves to ex...

We consider a model in which banking is characterized by asset substitution moral hazard and managerial under-provision of effort in loan monitoring. The privately-optimal bank leverage efficiently balances the benefit of debt in providing the discipline to ensure that the bank monitors its loans against the benefit of equity in attenuating asset-substitution moral hazard. However, when correla...