هدف: سطوح بالای همیاری در جوامعی شکل می­ گیرد که آن افرادی از هنجارهای خاصی تخطی کنند، با رفتار تنبیهی دیگران مواجه شوند. هدف مطالعه حاضر تفکیک انواع واکنش افراد به پیشهادهای ناعادلانه و بررسی مولفه­ های الکتروفیزیولوژیک آنان بود. روش: 40 نفر جنسیت مذکر دانشجویان دانشگاه شهید بهشتی طریق نمونه گیری دسترس این شرکت کردند آنها اصلاح­ شده بازی ­های دیکتاتور اولتیماتوم مورد سنجش ارزیابی قرار گرفت. یا...

Estrogens and estrogen metabolites have important functions in cardiovascular and other physiology, yet the patterns of estrogen synthesis, metabolism, and the individual plasma profile of estrogens and estrogen metabolites during human pregnancy as well as in preeclampsia remain undetermined. We performed liquid chromatography mass spectrometry on plasma samples from normotensive pregnant wome...

The objective of this study was to evaluated the photoprotective effects of porcine placenta extract (PPE) on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced oxidative stress in human keratinocytes (HaCaT) to evaluate its functional activities as a skin food ingredient. PPE prepared by subcritical water extraction was termed SPE, and subsequently digested by enzymes to prepare E-SPE. Increased intracellular reacti...

Biodegradable polyamines have long been studied as potential recombinant viral gene vectors. Spermine (SPE) is an endogenous tetra-amine with excellent biocompatibility yet poor gene condensation capacity. We have previously synthesized a polyspermine based on SPE and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) diacrylate (SPE-alt-PEG) for enhanced transfection performance, but the synthesized SPE-alt-PEG stil...

Production of group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPE) type A and C was transferred from toxigenic streptococcal strains to nontoxigenic strains by lysogeny. Lysogens were tested for SPE with Ouchterlony immunodiffusion on Todd-Hewitt agar plates; toxin diffusing from isolated colonies reacted with specific hyperimmune antisera to SPE. Phage prepared from strains T25(3) (T12gl) and 3GL16...

Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SPE B), a cysteine protease, is an important virulence factor in group A streptococcus (GAS) infection. The inhibition of phagocytic activity by SPE B may help prevent bacteria from being ingested. In this study, we examined the mechanism SPE B uses to enable bacteria to resist opsonophagocytosis. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we found that SPE ...

Caenorhabditis elegans spermatids complete a dramatic morphogenesis to crawling spermatozoa in the absence of an actin- or tubulin-based cytoskeleton and without synthesizing new gene products. Mutations in three genes (spe-8, spe-12, and spe-27) prevent the initiation of this morphogenesis, termed activation. Males with mutations in any of these genes are fertile. By contrast, mutant hermaphro...