BACKGROUND Since 1971, Kenya has had repeated cholera outbreaks. However, the cause of seasonal epidemics of cholera is not fully understood and neither are the factors that drive epidemics, both in Kenya and globally. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to determine the environmental reservoirs of V. cholerae during an interepidemic period in Kenya and to characterise their virulence...

Ryan S. Lee,* Svetlana B. Tikunova,* Kristopher P. Kline, Henry G. Zot, Javier E. Hasbun, Nguyen Van Minh, Darl R. Swartz, Jack A. Rall, and Jonathan P. Davis Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas; Department of Biology, University of West Georgia, Carroll...

The Amazon forest represents one of the world’s largest terrestrial carbon reservoirs. Here, we evaluated role soil texture, climate, vegetation, and distance to savanna on distribution stocks pyrogenic (PyC) in intact forests with no history recent fire spanning southern Amazonia forest-Cerrado Zone Transition (ZOT). In 19 hectare plots, including three Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE, terra preta) ...

Genes located on the CTX element and the Vibrio cholerae pathogenicity island (VPI) were investigated in 297 clinical V. cholerae O1 and 76 environmental O1 and non-O1 isolates from Brazil between 1991 and 1999. RAPD analysis suggested that serogroup O1 strains regardless of clinical or environmental source were clonal while non-O1 strains showed greater diversity. PCR analysis showed that 71% ...

The computation of P over elliptic curves is the dominant operation. It depends on the representation of the scalar . The binary method is the standard unsigned method that is used to compute the elliptic curve point . Researchers found that it is not the most efficient way for implementing elliptic curve computations. Other recoding methods such as CR, NAF, and MOF were presented in order to e...

Until the emergence of Vibrio cholerae O139 in 1992, toxigenic strains of V. cholerae O1 were considered to be the only causative agents of epidemic and pandemic cholera (3). Molecular studies using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (4), ribotyping (3), enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC)-PCR (1), and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the CTX geneti...

A total of 26 strains of Vibrio cholerae, including members of the O1, O139, and non-O1, non-O139 serogroups from both clinical and environmental sources, were examined for the presence of genes encoding cholera toxin (ctxA), zonula occludens toxin (zot), accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace), hemolysin (hlyA), NAG-specific heat-stable toxin (st), toxin-coregulated pilus (tcpA), and outer membran...

Logistics transportation service industries experiencing the growth significantly due to e-commerce since last decade. However, services industry, it is difficult quantify as a function of different user preference over time. The study examined evaluate satisfaction level logistics systems in order develop more responsive, empathy, reliable and friendly. A survey conducted users provider Makass...